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When the government announced an investment war chest for construction projects last year, the off-site industry rubbed its collective hands with glee. Schools for the Future, the Procure21 healthcare programme and the Ministry of Defence鈥檚 Single Living Accommodation Modules (SLAM) initiative, not to mention the need to create affordable housing quickly in the over-subscribed South-east, were all seen as unmissable opportunities for the proponents of modern methods of construction to prove that their solutions could be not just time-savers but cost-effective to boot. After several years waiting at the door, opportunity had surely knocked.

A few years ago this would have been unthinkable, but off-site manufacture has become credible once more against the healthy backdrop of a construction industry now used to demands for greater productivity and efficiency. 鈥淚n our view OSM is definitely maturing into a very versatile, though not universally applicable, tool in a kit of parts,鈥� says Tim Venables, a researcher at the Tanaka Business School at Imperial College, London. Venables, co-author of several reports on OSM, senses a gathering of momentum: 鈥淥SM tackles building skills shortages, it takes on-site tasks and brings them into the factory 鈥� in an age when our country is in manufacturing decline 鈥� and we have to think this makes it quicker, safer and cheaper than working in a building-site environment.鈥�

Of course, the industry is still coming to terms with its new tool. Venables warns: 鈥淲e鈥檙e looking at a traditional industry, albeit one that is much more flexible than it used to be. OSM still makes some housebuilders nervous when it comes to lending and insurance issues and they also need to see a definite advantage, which translates to the bottom line.鈥� Increasingly though, these nerves are being calmed by a series of landmark projects up and down the country.

Grand designs

Some forms of OSM have forged ahead of the pack. Timber frame technology is currently reckoned to have an 18% share of the residential market, though this is still fairly small compared with the Scottish market, where the share is over 55% for new residential demand. Technologies such as closed-panel technology and structural insulated panels (SIPs) have been developed to aid the delivery of fully finished panel systems.

Hot on timber frame鈥檚 heels is steel frame, with companies such as Irish-based Fusion and steel giant Corus throwing their hats into the ring. Though timber systems are evolving from low-rise to medium-rise structures, steel is more strongly associated with taller buildings and is now challenging in the low-rise domestic arena.

The improvements in technology are beginning to overcome a classic OSM fear: that design is the first casualty. Take contractor Wates鈥� 77-apartment Riverside project in Cambridge. Intended, much like the lauded Murray Grove project in north London, to prove that modular does not have to mean a design bypass, the five-storey, 拢9.1m project is constructed with manufacturer Fusion鈥檚 frame system. In June, British Land purchased 54 units from Wates for 拢16m, with handover of all units scheduled by the first quarter of 2005.

John Rivett, Wates鈥� design director, admits that it has been a steep learning curve. 鈥淚鈥檇 liken it to riding a bike for the first time,鈥� he reflects. 鈥淵ou start off wobbling but the more you do it the steadier you get. We鈥檙e in a situation where the suppliers are also doing a lot of educating, explaining to companies like ours how their systems work. So we鈥檙e making sure that our teams are intimately involved with our supply chain so that they get the maximum amount of learning out of the process.鈥�

Further north, developer Urban Splash is behind what it claims is the first development of modular homes for private sale in the UK. Moho, a 102-apartment scheme designed by Shed KM and manufactured by Yorkon, is the latest phase of its brownfield Castlefield development in Manchester.

The company says that it has played up the use of OSM in its marketing material and believes that buyers are interested rather than concerned about the construction method. 鈥淲e launched the project in June at an investor show and displayed a full module outside the G-Mex Centre, which raised a lot of interest,鈥� says a company spokesperson. The apartments will be ready to move into in spring 2005. The spokesperson says: 鈥淲e鈥檝e sold just over a third and when the units are fully in place and the showrooms open this month they will be sold on the basis of how they look. They really are a million miles from the old prefab buildings and the OSM element will become a side issue.鈥�

鈥淥SM has been accused of putting up standard boxes 鈥� these projects show that鈥檚 not the case,鈥� says Imperial鈥檚 Venables. 鈥淥n a recent research trip to Germany, where the OSM sector is far more evolved than in the UK, I can say we saw everything from designer apartments to mountain chalets.鈥�

鈥� and now from schools to pizza parlours

Moho, like fellow Yorkon project Murray Grove, represents the headline-grabbing volumetric end of OSM. Yorkon is also responsible for such disparate contracts as Pizza Hut鈥檚 new-build programme and last spring鈥檚 completion of Our Lady of Lourdes school in East Kilbride, Lanarkshire, the first fully modular school to be built in the UK.

Similarly, contractor Mansell is into the eighth phase of a long-term partnership with the Royal Navy鈥檚 training arm at HMS Collingwood in Fareham, Hampshire, where it started on site with lead contractor Flagship in January 2002. It is using volumetric units from Caledonian 好色先生TV Systems for accommodation blocks of 98 rooms on average, and has completed more than 1000 rooms so far. 鈥淭here was undoubtedly some learning from phase one,鈥� says Andy Duff, Mansell construction director for HMS Collingwood. 鈥淲e realised that more work had to be done at the design stage; we sat down with the client and went through samples of everything 鈥� right down to door handles. Seven stages on and the units are being delivered part decorated with only the second M&E fix, carpets, final decorating and loose furniture to install.鈥�

Duff says that an average-sized block will be delivered over eight days and takes about 17 weeks to complete once on site. On speed he is convinced, but what about cost? 鈥淎t this point the cost is just about comparable, providing that there are not a lot of site complications or variables,鈥� he says.

鈥淭he OSM sector has to prove that it can build at the same price as the traditional market,鈥� says John Miles, principal director of engineering and architectural group Arup. 鈥淚n the past, once the government money went, so did the impetus. OSM has to overcome this challenge.鈥�

Miles, who has been working on an OSM system for Arup, believes the key is to intermarry the disciplines. 鈥淐onstruction has no history in manufacturing processes and it鈥檚 a completely different mindset. To achieve factory-style efficiency you have to bring the construction and the manufacturing teams together, which is what we have done. We [Arup] chose the residential sector because, in our view, if OSM is to make it then it absolutely has to be able to hold its own in housebuilding.鈥�

So with more benchmark projects being completed, is 2004 the year of OSM? It has certainly moved up the media agenda, it has heavyweight political backing and there is a sense of momentum that, in truth, has not always been prevalent. The future might just lie on the factory floor.