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Over the years, developers have been perfecting the art of wringing the maximum amount of useable space from a floorplan. And now it seems they are turning their attention to the roof. Once the exclusive preserve of plant rooms and window-cleaning cradles, today they鈥檙e just as likely to accommodate lushly planted terraces. Think of the formal garden atop the Bishop鈥檚 Square development in Spitalfields, east London, the refurbished Unilever House at Blackfriars on the Thames, the Willis building in the City and, due for completion this summer, British Land鈥檚 Ropemaker offices in the City.

Arup Associates鈥� design for Ropemaker includes four eco-terraces cascading down one side of the building. The greenery on those terraces was specified by landscape architect Townshend. Gary Alden, a senior landscape architect at the firm, says Ropemaker is the latest in a growing number of projects with living rooftops. 鈥淪tandard green roofs have become popular and clients and architects see the potential to make them into useable terraces. It becomes a unique selling point for these buildings,鈥� he says.

So what are the challenges of incorporating terraces like these into a building design? Lee Hosking, an architect with Arup Associates, says the decision to incorporate some sort of useable roof is often dictated by the type of building. 鈥淚f it鈥檚 a tall, slim tower, you don鈥檛 have much of a chance,鈥� he says. 鈥淏ut if you have a low-rise building or one that is a series of steps, you consider it straightaway.鈥�

From a planning point of view, creative roof use is generally seen as a good thing. Changes introduced to the London Plan (the mayor鈥檚 planning strategy) last year mean that all large developments in the capital are expected to incorporate some form of accessible living roof where feasible. Although this is not a legal obligation, it has been taken up by the London boroughs and implemented through their planning approval processes. This makes it difficult to get your design accepted without including a green roof or a good reason why it doesn鈥檛 have one. And since you鈥檝e almost got to have one, why not get creative with it?

The benefits of planting on a roof are many 鈥� improving the thermal performance of the building, reducing the urban heat island effect, absorbing rainfall to reduce pressure on the drainage system, enhancing biodiversity and providing added amenities. According to Alden, the technical challenges are fairly straightforward. As long as the roof is designed to support the loads, it is simply a case of creating the right roof build-up for the amenities and planting required. 鈥淲hat is most challenging is the spatial design and incorporating the maintenance needs,鈥� he says.

Unless you get access right, it will compromise and confuse the design

Lee Hosking, Arup

Hosking agrees. Before working on Ropemaker, the firm designed Plantation Place, another British Land scheme that incorporated extensive terracing. However, the two schemes embody quite different approaches.

Two approaches

At Plantation Place, rights of light issues led to the building being stepped back, which left space at level 10 to wrap a terrace around the whole thing. The approach was conventional in that it was a standard inverted roof design laid over with concrete pavers and timber decking.

The big questions, says Hosking, are always the same: how do you provide access? And how will the terrace tie in with the building鈥檚 maintenance plan? 鈥淯nless you get this right it will compromise and confuse the design.鈥� The position of the cores at Plantation Place allows access to the terraces without going through tenanted space but the real issue was how to provide a zone for the maintenance cradles.

Arup鈥檚 solution was to bring the access cradles close in to the building at level 10 to hug the perimeter of the upper towers. Precast concrete planters are then used to create a wall of green and separate the area with the cradles and tracks from the terraces beyond. 鈥淭here are prime views from all around the building across the city and we wanted to maximise these,鈥� says Hosking. Specially designed concrete blocks were then designed to raise the level of the ground around the tracks to make it easier to gain access the perimeter.

Ecologists try to push the use of native species, but it鈥檚 not a native environment on top of a building; you just have to find the best plants available

Gary Alden, Townshend

The solution at Ropemaker is almost the complete reverse. Here, the design team was under pressure to limit the height of the building to six storeys on one side while letting it rise up to 20 storeys where it faced neighbouring office blocks. Although this opened up the opportunity for some spectacular terraces, the views are not as panoramic as the ones at Plantation Place, so the decision was taken to move the cradles to the edge and create three landscaping zones.

The eco-zone at the edge of the roof includes a low-maintenance sedum garden where the cleaning cradles and tracks run. This is screened from view by a raised central zone of planting, incorporating 3-4m tall trees along with shrubs beyond which is a hard-landscaped amenity zone with timber and concrete decking. 鈥淗ere it was much more about soft landscaping, with different species used to distinguish the zones and to provide an enclosure,鈥� says Hosking.

Planting larger shrubs and semi-mature trees calls for greater pre-planning, says Alden. On exposed roofs, transpiration rates are high, so water-loss from the leaves is greater. 鈥淭he idea is to plant a lot of herbaceous and perennial types but larger shrubs and trees will require constant irrigation and so some form of irrigation system needs to be designed in.鈥� Native and exotic species common to alpine landscapes are often chosen as their natural environment is similar to that of rooftops. Plants range from dwarf tree species which reach heights of about 2.5m through to shrubs such as holly, pine and heather, which grow to 1.5m, and sedums, which provide a carpet of leaf and flower colour throughout the seasons.

鈥淓cologists try to push the use of native species but it鈥檚 not really a native environment on top of a building; you just have to find the best plants available,鈥� says Alden.

Like green roofs, the era of the eco-terrace is set to grow in the capital. Looking to the future, Townshend has another scheme 鈥� Elizabeth House at Waterloo 鈥� that is in planning but whose design incorporates extensive terraces. 鈥淎lso over the past six months we have seen a growing number of clients looking for green walls as features,鈥� says Alden. Arup is also looking at a blue鈥揼reen roof, which includes flooded swamp-like areas to encourage wildlife. And it鈥檚 great for alligators, apparently.