Michael has 拢2bn of PFI money for capital spending on schools. But he also has to update the school estate and provide extra pupil places. How much more money will he need? And - for extra marks - where will it come from? Sarah Richardson works out some possible answers墀
When it comes to school building programmes, neither this government nor its predecessor has the best reputation for accurate maths. Last year, education secretary Michael Gove infamously had to issue several revised lists of the schools projects that would be scrapped when he cancelled Labour鈥檚 拢55bn 好色先生TV Schools for the Future programme, leading to questions over how he鈥檇 actually decided what the government could afford. And of course, the BSF scheme itself was plagued by criticism of the high -and often highly variable - cost of projects, with some secondary schools, such as the Grange School in Bradford, costing almost 20% more per m2 than the average BSF new build.
Now, however, the government is facing its toughest test yet in making the cost of school building stack up. Michael Gove鈥檚 latest announcement on education funding in
July acknowledged that 鈥渃apital investment is crucial to education reform.鈥� At the same time, the education secretary announced the launch of a PFI programme worth 拢2bn in upfront capital construction costs, despite his previous antipathy to the initiative.
This was effectively an acknowledgement that the direct funding settlements from the government - 拢15.8bn between now and 2015 - would not come close to meeting the needs of England鈥檚 school estate.
Life after BSF
The coalition government鈥檚 cancellation of the BSF programme has left more than two-thirds of secondary schools without investment, and the programme to renew the country鈥檚 primary schools, only launched in 2009, has had even less impact. As of last year, 14% of the primary school estate dated to pre-1919 and 11% was built in
the inter-war years. Meanwhile, a rising birth rate means that an estimated 60,000 primary school places are urgently needed to meet demand.
But with the 拢2bn PFI programme offering only a fraction of the funding earmarked under BSF, big questions remain over how far the financing announced by the government can help to renew the schools estate, even if the industry meets the challenge to cut up to 30% off the cost of school buildings, as recommended in Sebastian James鈥� recent government-commissioned review of school capital. Local authorities - which have a statutory obligation to provide a school place for every child in their area - are fast realising that they may have to raise finance themselves to meet demand.
Here, we look at the funding methods currently lined up for school building work across the country, and assess how far each is likely to go in addressing a problem that, without urgent attention, could fast become a national school building crisis.
Direct capital funding from government
What money has been confirmed so far?
The government鈥檚 Comprehensive Spending Review last October set aside 拢15.8bn of funding for capital works on schools between 2011-12 and 2014-15. Annual breakdowns will drop from 拢7.6bn in 2010-11 to 拢4.9bn in 2011-12, and down to 拢3.4bn by 2014-15.
Annual capital funding from the government will fall by 60% over the spending review period, leaving schools in need of renewal far more reliant on other forms of financing
What will it be used for?
Just over 拢2bn a year of the government鈥檚 funding for schools capital will be spent on maintenance and creating new school places where there is a shortfall - either by extending existing schools or creating new ones. BSF projects and academies that were told they could proceed when Michael Gove scrapped the bulk of the BSF programme in July will take a large slice of the remaining funds, together with additional academies and free schools. The pressure on funding means that refurbishment or renewal projects are likely to become more common than new-build schemes.
How big an impact will it have?
Annual capital funding from the government will fall by 60% over the spending review period, leaving schools in need of renewal far more reliant on other forms of financing than they would have been in the past. However, the capital funding will enable 71 academies originally put on hold to be procured over the next two years, together with 33 schools that were to have been sample schemes in bigger BSF programmes.
The money that remains will enable the government to make a dent in the maintenance backlog, but with this estimated at about 拢22bn by Sebastian James, the government鈥檚 leading adviser on schools, it is likely that the money will not be enough to address even half the need for repairs across the country. In addition, basic-need funding will be channelled to those schools with the greatest demand for places, but with an estimated 60,000 extra primary school places urgently needed to cope with England鈥檚 rising birth rate, the funds are highly unlikely to stretch to all the areas they are needed. This will provide a major headache for the government, because local authorities have a statutory obligation to provide a school place for every child within an area - increasing the pressure on opening free schools or other forms of education provision.
GRADE: C
PFI
What money has been confirmed so far?
In July, the government launched a PFI programme worth 拢2bn in upfront construction costs to fund up to 300 PFI schools, with roughly 20% of these coming to market each year from autumn 2012. The government will only begin paying for these schools once they are open, from 2014-15 onwards, so the money will have little impact on the capital funding settlements under this Comprehensive Spending Review period.
What is it most likely to be used for?
New build schemes on publicly funded schools, particularly secondary schools and academies. The PFI programme is open to all publicly funded schools, including primaries, special schools and sixth forms but the larger scale of secondary school buildings makes them more suited to a PFI model of funding. The money will be prioritised according to building condition, so will go to those areas whose schools are judged to be in the greatest state of disrepair. The government has also said that schools in areas with a shortage of school places could be prioritised.
How big an impact could it have?
The PFI programme was welcomed enthusiastically by construction firms when it was launched. After years of criticism of PFI by the government, with education secretary Michael Gove once attacking it for being associated with 鈥渕assive overspend and tragic delays鈥�, it signalled the government鈥檚 acceptance of what many within the sector had been arguing for months - that private investment was an obvious way to get schools schemes back up and running.
While the government has said that its current PFI programme will fund up to 300 projects, 拢2bn is not a lot of funding
But while the government has said that its current PFI programme will fund up to 300 schools projects, 拢2bn is not a lot of funding. Especially compared with the sums available under the 拢55bn BSF programme, which relied heavily on PFI - 拢1.4bn was spent on that programme in a single year in 2010-11. If the government is to roll out a PFI programme more widely, it will need to overcome continuing fears over the value for money of PFI schemes. Despite a Treasury initiative to cut 拢1.5bn off the cost of operational PFIs, there is still considerable nervousness within government over the whole-life cost of PFI, which is not being helped by continuing economic uncertainty pushing up the rates of would-be lenders. Against this background, it is difficult to see the Treasury authorising any more widespread use of PFI in the near future, but it is a path that could be followed further down the line if interest in the initial pot of funding greatly exceeds the money available.
GRADE: B
Local Asset Backed vehicles (LABVs)
At the moment lots of authorities are waiting to see what鈥檚 going to happen to government funding. Many are not familiar with LABVS, and are a bit nervous
Nick Jones, Davis Langdon
What money has been confirmed so far?
No money as such, but a steadily increasing number of local authorities have been setting up Local Asset Backed vehicles (LABVs) over the past two years. Under these arrangements, the local authority puts forward sites to a private sector partner for development, with at least one being used for a public building - potentially a school - and the money raised from the others is used to fund the development.
What will it be used for?
Potentially, any schools under local authority control.
How big an impact could it have?
The way LABVs are being advertised in OJEU is worded sufficiently widely to allow any public sector asset to be involved, including schools.
However, most local authorities are likely to try their luck with government funding before seriously considering using a LABV to build schools. Nick Jones, a director at Davis Langdon, says: 鈥淎t the moment, lots of authorities are still waiting to see what鈥檚 going to happen to government funding. Many are not familiar with LABVs, and are a bit nervous. So it鈥檚 early days, but it鈥檚 a definite option.鈥�
GRADE: E
OTHER FORMS OF PRIVATE INVESTMENT
What money has been confirmed so far?
Various investment programmes are being set up, including some run by individual academy chains, and the Cornerstone venture set up by former Partnerships for Schools chief executive Tim Byles, which is aiming to use funds from the private sector to develop public sector assets for use as schools.
What will it be used for?
Academy chains are likely to channel any privately raised funds into new build or school expansion, as there is a separate academies maintenance fund distributed by the government from its capital funding budget for repair work. Byles has said that Cornerstone can be used for any type of school, including local authority-run schools, free schools and academies. In addition, local authorities raising their own funds privately will be able to put the money towards refurbishment or larger new build projects on their school estate. For example, some colleges have been doing landswap deals with private developers where a developer is allowed to build on a local authority-owned site in return for giving the authorities an alternative site for a school.
How big an impact will it have?
The pressure on government funding and the limited nature of the government鈥檚 PFI schools programme has increased the pressure on schools and local authorities to come up with innovative means of sourcing funding for projects themselves. However, this is a relatively untested area and, while academy chains are geared up to attract private funding, the position for local authorities is more difficult. The Cornerstone venture, which will effectively act as a broker between local authorities and the private sector, is one to watch given Byles鈥� intimate knowledge of the sector. He has said that the venture is aiming to complete about 60 projects in its first year.
GRADE: C
Following the government鈥檚 response to the James Review. The 60 page report includes analysis of proposed procurement, design and regulatory changes as well as local authorities with the biggest shortage of school places and much more
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