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When designing a zero-carbon home, where does a housebuilder start? The obviously place, and the one that seems to have the most impact, is the building fabric. As long as each home is airtight and has a low U-value, you鈥檙e on your way to an energy-efficient building.

But how do you hit the higher levels of the Code for Sustainable Homes? While attending to the building envelope, it is easy to forget that the way residents live can heavily influence a building鈥檚 rating. We spend a major part of our time at home in the kitchen and bathroom, so modifying behaviour in these can have a big impact on what level a building reaches.

The code categories that get most attention are energy and water use, while the less popular ones include health and wellbeing, materials and ecology. The design of kitchens and bathrooms can affect all these and, therefore, the home鈥檚 overall rating.

Water

To achieve levels five and six of the code, the home must enable each person to use a maximum of 80l of potable water a day 鈥� and that includes washing, drinking, cooking and flushing the loo.

Does this sound like a lot? Not when I tell you an average wash and brush-up under a power shower uses up the whole 80 litres in one go; leaving the tap on while brushing your teeth is another nine litres, and every flush of the loo sends eight litres of potable water hurtling down the drain. Washing your car with a hosepipe wastes 480 litres of drinking-quality water.

The UN says the minimum amount of water needed per person per day is 50 litres, so at code level six we鈥檙e still using more than we need.

This is where water metering can be useful. It is becoming much more widespread and, by making us aware of how much water we are using for daily tasks in the bathroom and kitchen, it should discourage waste.

Energy

A clock on your microwave, costs 拢24 a year to power. Do you need that clock? Smart-metering will provide occupiers
with this type of knowledge

Level five and six homes are both 鈥渮ero carbon鈥�. The difference is that level five homes must have no emissions from heating lighting and hot water, whereas a level six home must have zero net greenhouse gas emissions for heating, lighting, hot water, and all appliances.

For level five, the target emission rate must be at least 100% better than that achieved in 2005 using SAP. At least 75% of internal lighting must be energy efficient, internal drying space for clothes must be incorporated, all white goods must be energy-efficient and the building must reduce emissions by 15% by using low or zero-carbon technologies. All these should be considered, in particular, when designing a kitchen.

And the rest 鈥�

As far as the heath and wellbeing category goes, the kitchen requires the highest daylight factor of all habitable rooms. The code also suggests a semi-private outside space, and what better place to have it than directly off the kitchen. This enables al fresco dining, and a direct route outside to carry compostable waste. This will score you more credits in the waste category, which states that recycling and waste bin space must be provided for each home.

To finish, here鈥檚 an interesting fact: a clock on a microwave costs 拢24 a year in electricity to power. Do you really need that clock? To get closer to the zero-carbon home, we need to start altering our daily routine and designing homes that help us do so. Smart-metering technologies will provide occupiers with this knowledge and enable people to make informed decisions.

With rising awareness, standard features and habits may change. This includes avoiding high flow-rate taps and showers, only using water-minimising white goods and dual-flush toilets, and embracing proven new technologies.

The kitchen and bathroom might seem like an odd place to hold the debate over zero-carbon housing, but they may just be the places to make the real difference.