Over the next 10 years, up to 40 new waste treatment centres will be needed in the UK and each will be worth around 拢350m, so do the maths on that. Olivia Hemmings reports on why there鈥檚 never been a better time to talk rubbish

Rubbish might not sound sexy, but it could be a rich seam of business for you. Up to 拢8bn is being spent on PFI schemes to create waste treatment centres. Between 30 and 40 projects are expected over the next 10 years, each worth around 拢350m. It is all because the government wants local authorities to find new ways of dealing with waste (see box, below).

Steve Fraser is bid director at Catalyst Lend Lease, the PFI division of Bovis Lend Lease. He says: 鈥淭his sector has legs. There are a lot of projects in the frame. It is going to be very expensive for councils if they don鈥檛 get their act together on waste. They simply cannot afford to do nothing.鈥�

Bovis Lend Lease has won one of the first schemes, a 25-year deal worth 拢240m in Lancashire. It has formed a joint venture with Australian process and technology engineer provider GRD Minproc. The partnership will design, construct, commission and operate two waste treatment plants for Lancashire Waste Partnership.

Bovis Lend Lease is aiming to take 10-20% of the UK market and is already bidding for four other schemes, in Cheshire, North Yorkshire, Merseyside and Swansea. John Laing Infrastructure is also getting into this market. In January it won the Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority鈥檚 拢300m PFI scheme. It teamed up with Viridor Waste Management for the bid. Its competitors for the contact were also consortiums. One comprised SITA UK, Royal Bank of Scotland and Peel Holdings; the other, the Waste Recycling Group and Shanks Waste Management/Babcock & Brown.

The market is in the early stages, though, so there are still plenty of opportunities for other companies to get a piece of the action. So far, 27 projects have been allocated PFI funding, according to Defra. Of these, 15 are under construction, seven are in procurement and five are at the 鈥渙utline business case鈥� stage. Although the value of individual plants depends on their size, Fraser reckons the average scheme requires 拢358m of capital expenditure.

But don鈥檛 expect to build anything beautiful. As Fraser says: 鈥淲aste treatment centres are in the back of beyond; they don鈥檛 have to look pretty.鈥� These centres are all about the technology. This is why to get into the market, contractors will need to team up with waste management specialists, as Bovis Lend Lease and Laing have done. Traditionally, waste management was dominated by dedicated waste firms, such as Biffa and WRG. If these firms needed something built, they would hire a contractor, but now that waste management is becoming more complex, things are changing.

Jack Kelly, an analyst at Deloitte, says: 鈥淲aste treatment centres are a technology-based asset, so they are a particularly skilled area and not all contractors have the skill.鈥� On the plus side, he says the technology is at least now tried and tested.

You鈥檒l have to get your head around various types, though, because waste treatment centre processes vary widely. The approaches range from sites that sort mixed recycling into separate streams, including paper and plastic, to those that physically recycle materials, to others that compost waste such as food.

The two central waste treatment facilities planned for Lancashire will incorporate the mechanical biological treatment (MBT) process. This involves mechanical sorting to separate out materials for recycling, while the biodegradable elements of the waste are converted into compost-like matter using aerobic composting or anaerobic digestion (AD). Under current plans, this leftover material could be used for restoring quarries, and the methane gas collected after the AD process may be burned to generate electricity.

Other waste treatment centres such as energy from waste (EfW) plants use different technologies which burn waste to reduce its volume and hazardous properties, and generate electricity and/or steam for heating.

The jury鈥檚 out as to which approach is best, so it鈥檚 worth swotting up on all of them. Alun Housago, a materials exchange co-ordinator at Norfolk council, says: 鈥淟ocal authorities will have different needs so bidders would be well advised to research what these are before entering into competitive procurement.鈥�

Then there is the bidding process. Costs are high. Fraser says getting to the preferred bidder stage can cost between 拢3-4m, and a total of 拢5m to get to the point of signing the contract. It also takes a long time to reach the final stage 鈥� Fraser reckons three years. Then a further two years at least for construction.

The projects are being bid under the competitive dialogue process (see box, below), which was brought in in 2006 for complex PFIs where the authority doesn鈥檛 have the expertise to assess bids independently. Your bid needs to factor in a number of elements specific to the market:

  • how well your proposed technology converts biodegradable waste from landfill
  • the environmental performance of the facility
  • your approach to the planning application
  • the proposed working relationships with waste collection organisations
  • and whether the overall bid is deliverable.

Planning is likely to be another headache. Waste treatment centres do not tend to be welcomed by locals, which has delayed some schemes and stopped others altogether. Two plants in Surrey have been shelved, and resistance from residents in Lancashire delayed the scheme by 16 weeks.

There is hope that things will improve. The however, as the Barker Review has recommended that recommended that a separate body should handle planning applications for waste treatment centres to help the government meeting its targets for reducing landfill.

It is also worth knowing that PFI contracts are not the only route to getting a slice of the waste market. Phil Turner, team leader for waste management at EC Harris, says the value and opportunities of non-PFI contracts are just as exciting.

What treatment means


  • The Environment Agency gives the legal definition of treatment as requiring three elements:

  • A physical, thermal, chemical or biological process including sorting;

  • A change in characteristics of the waste in order to

  • Either reduce volume, or reduce its hazardous nature, or facilitate its handling, or enhance its recovery


What鈥檚 driving the market

The government wants to cut landfill, so we need new ways of dealing with waste. The targets are tough: local authorities have to slash the amount of biodegradable household waste sent to landfill to 75% of 1995 levels by 2010. By 2020, this has to be down to 35%.

Efforts have been made to increase recycling but there are practical limits to this. Hence other processes, such as technology-based treatment facilities, are becoming an important part of councils鈥� waste management strategies.

The government has set up the waste infrastructure delivery programme to help local authorities with their waste treatment strategies. The body allocates funds for building waste treatment centres in the form of PFI credits.

So much for the carrot. The sticks are increased tax on landfill and the landfill allowance trading scheme, overseen by Defra. The scheme caps the volume of waste councils can send to landfill and slaps them with a 拢150 fine for every tonne sent in excess of it.

The EU is also pushing the UK to sort out its waste. Under regulations that came into force in October 2007, it must pre-treat all waste, including hazardous and non-hazardous products.

What a load of rubbish: key facts on waste

The UK produces about 330 million tonnes or waste every year.

25% of this comes from households and businesses, the rest is produced by the construction industry, farms, sewage treatment and river dredging.

Landfill sites have been reduced from 1,500 in 2001 to 450 in 2007.

A small waste treatment plant will process 90,000 tonnes of waste a year; a large plant can handle 400,000 tonnes a year.

The Institution of Civil Engineers鈥� State Of The Nation report in 2004 estimated a need for 2,300 new waste treatment facilities to be operational by 2020 to avoid a major crisis of millions of tonnes of untreated waste.

Methane gas, which is produced during the decomposition of biodegradable waste in landfill sites, is 20 times more potent as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.

Landfill tax on active waste is 拢24/迟辞苍苍别, which will double to 拢48/迟辞苍苍别 by 2011.

How to do competitive dialogue

Competitive dialogue, a system that will replace the competitive negotiated procedure for most PFI projects, was introduced in January 2006. This is basically the same as the old procedure from the Official Journal notice to prequalification stage. After this it differs in the way the authority is expected to discuss the contract with each bidder.

Competitive dialogue requires issues to be resolved before the selected bidder stage, with greater competition among bidders, whereas the competitive negotiated procedure allows greater scope for negotiation after the appointment of the preferred bidder.

Under the new system, the selected participants submit a final tender with 鈥渁ll the elements required and necessary for the performance of the project鈥�. The authority may ask participants to 鈥渃larify, specify or fine-tune鈥� tenders but this must not change their basic features if that is likely to distort competition or have a discriminatory affect.

Tenders are then assessed and the participant with the most economic tender is appointed as the selected bidder. The selected bidder may be asked to 鈥渃larify鈥� aspects of or 鈥渃onfirm鈥� commitments contained in the tender but must not modify substantial aspects of it.

Peter Dzakula is an associate at law firm K&L Gates

Postscript