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Combustible cladding was installed on Grenfell Tower because of the incompetence of the team responsible for refurbishing the building, the inquiry into the causes of the disaster has concluded.

In one out of seven volumes of the Phase 2 report, published this morning, the inquiry delved into the 2015/16 construction project, which saw combustlble materials introduced to the external walls of the tower.

These materials, which themselves were only on the market because of the 鈥渙utright dishonesty鈥� of their manufacturers, were a major cause of the speed with which the fire spread up the building on 14 June 2017.

>> Also read: Decades of central government failure led to Grenfell tragedy, says inquiry

The inquiry found that the choice of combustible materials for the cladding 鈥渞esulted from a series of errors caused by the incompetence of the organisations and individuals involved in the refurbishment鈥�.

The report also determined that an 鈥渁bsence of formality鈥� in contractual relations had resulted in firms involved in the refurbishment not understanding their own responsibilities, and hit out at a 鈥渨idespread鈥� and 鈥渦nprofessional鈥� culture in the construction industry of 鈥済etting on with the job without waiting for terms to be formally agreed鈥�.

None of those involved in the job were spared criticism by the report, nor was any one singled out as the main culprit, although it said failures of competency were 鈥減articularly鈥� true of architect Studio E, cladding contractor Harley Facades and main contractor Rydon.

All three firms took 鈥渁 casual approach to contractual relations鈥� and 鈥渄id not properly understand the nature and scope of the obligations they had undertaken, or, if they did, paid scant attention to them,鈥� according to the report.

鈥淭hey failed to identify their own responsibilities for important aspects of the design and in each case assumed that someone else was responsible for matters affecting fire safety,鈥� it added.

鈥淓veryone involved in the choice of the materials to be used in the external wall thought that responsibility for their suitability and safety lay with someone else.鈥�

The inquiry found that none of those involved in the design of the external wall or the choice of materials had acted in accordance with the standards of a reasonably competent person in their position. 

It said that Rydon and Harley relied on previous experience rather than on technical analysis or expertise, while Studio E was found to have 鈥渄emonstrated a cavalier attitude鈥� to fire safety regulations.

The architect was criticised in strong terms, with the inquiry determining that it was responsible in principle for the design of the external wall and the choice of materials.

While it acknowledged that the tenant management organisation wanted to reduce the cost by using ACM rainscreen panels, the inquiry found it was Studio E鈥檚 responsibility to determine whether the use of such material would enable the building to comply with regulations.

鈥淚ts failure to recognise that ACM was dangerous and to warn the TMO against its use represented a failure to act in accordance with the standard of a reasonably competent architect,鈥� it said.

鈥淚t also failed to recognise that Celotex insulation was combustible and not suitable for use on a building over 18m in height in accordance with the statutory guidance. 

鈥淪tudio E therefore bears a very significant degree of responsibility for the disaster.鈥�

The inquiry identified 鈥渕any other respects鈥� in which Studio E failed to meet the standards of a reasonably competent architect, among the most significant being its failure to ensure that consultant Exova completed the fire safety strategy for the refurbished building.

For its own part, Exova was found to have 鈥渃onsiderable responsibility鈥� for Grenfell ending up in such a dangerous condition, citing its failure to produce a final version of a fire safety strategy for the refurbished building and that none of those responsible for drafting the fire safety strategy had visited the tower.

鈥淓xova鈥檚 attitude was wholly inconsistent with the careful approach to matters affecting the safety of life to be expected of a reasonably competent fire engineer,鈥� it said.

The inquiry said the main contractor, Rydon, also bears 鈥渃onsiderable responsibility for the fire鈥�, having displayed 鈥渁 casual鈥� attitude to fire safety throughout the project.

鈥淩ydon itself did not understand where responsibility for individual decisions lay and as a result it failed to co-ordinate the design work properly,鈥� the report found.

The firm also had an 鈥渋nexperienced鈥� team on the job, who did not have sufficient knowledge of 好色先生TV Regulations or Approved Document B and relied entirely on its cladding subcontractor, Harley, to draw attention to any errors in the design but did not specifically ask the business to assess Studio E鈥檚 work. 

Harley also 鈥渇ailed in many respects to meet the standards to be expected of a reasonably competent cladding contractor鈥�, according to the report and said it had a 鈥渟ignificant degree of responsibility鈥� for the fire.

According to the inquiry, the firm did not concern itself sufficiently with fire safety 鈥渁t any stage鈥� and appeared to have thought there was no need for it to do so, as others in the project, and ultimately building control, would ensure the building was safe.

The Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea鈥檚 building control department 鈥渇ailed to perform its statutory function of ensuring that the design of the refurbishment complied with the 好色先生TV Regulations鈥� and 鈥渂ears considerable responsibility for the dangerous condition of the building immediately on completion of the work鈥�.

Meanwhile, the TMO, as client, had 鈥渇ailed to take sufficient care in its choice of architect and paid insufficient attention to matters affecting fire safety, including the work of the fire engineer鈥� and that it 鈥渕ust also bear a share of the blame鈥�.

While the inquiry was not tasked with examining the performance of the industry at large, it did note that the way in which the refurbishment job on Grenfell Tower was handled raised 鈥渟erious questions for the whole industry鈥� and said there was a 鈥済reat deal to be done鈥� to raise competence levels.

鈥淎 number of common themes can be seen running through the story which, due to their nature, we think are likely to be repeated widely across the construction industry,鈥� it said, criticising the fact that lack of formality in contractual relations on the project.

Harley, for example, never signed a formal contract, while a number of key actors in the design and installation were also employed by 鈥渨ord-of-mouth鈥� agreements.

鈥淪uch a casual approach to contractual relations is a recipe for disaster if events take an unexpected turn,鈥� it said.

鈥淲hat appears to be a widespread culture of getting on with the job without waiting for terms to be formally agreed is unprofessional and likely to result in a failure by those carrying out the work on site to understand the scope of their responsibilities.鈥�

It was this lack of contractual clarity which in part resulted in the 鈥渦nedifying 鈥榤erry-go-round of buck-passing in which the construction professionals all pointed the finger at each other鈥�, which was seen during the inquiry hearings.

The inquiry also drew attention to the predominant model of design-and-build contracting in the construction industry, under which Rydon saw its job as 鈥渓ittle more than the conductor of a large and varied orchestra鈥�.

While the inquiry acknowledged that, given the complexity of modern construction, no main contractor can be expected to employ people with the full range of skills required for every project it takes on, it insisted that firms in this role 鈥渕ust ensure that within its organisation it has access to sufficient knowledge and expertise to be able to monitor the work of its sub-contractors and consultants effectively鈥�.

It also criticised the approach of the Grenfell refurbishment project team to building control, with most on the job regarding it as effectively another consultant on the job.

This, it said, was 鈥渃ompounded by the adoption of a similar attitude鈥� on the part of the local authority鈥檚 building control department, which 鈥渟aw its function as being to 鈥榳ork with鈥� employers and contractors鈥� rather than to 鈥渁ct as the custodian and enforcer of the 好色先生TV Regulations in the public interest鈥�.