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How well do low-energy and micro-generation technologies work? This question is being asked up and down the land as the industry struggles to get to grips with the Merton Rule, which requires new developments to generate 10% of their power using on-site renewables, and as housebuilders anxiously prepare for the Code for Sustainable Homes. There is plenty of anecdotal information around, such as that wind turbines don鈥檛 work in urban areas or PV panels cost so much that the power generated never repays the upfront cost. But there isn鈥檛 much in the way of concrete evidence.

Housebuilder Barratt Developments decided to find out for itself by trying out a range of low-energy technologies on a real development, its seven-unit Eco Village in Chorley, Manchester. 鈥淭he object of the exercise was to see if these technologies actually worked on our homes, rather than listening to the claims of the manufacturers,鈥� explains Terry Ritchie, Barratt Developments鈥� technical director.

A wide range of technologies were tried out, and several examples of each technology were monitored 鈥� for example, five micro wind turbines were installed. The University of Manchester monitored the outputs over a 15-month period, and on the left we present the results of the research carried out by Dr Tony Sung, lecturer at the school of mechanical, aerospace and civil engineering at the university. Sung calculated a payback period for some of the technologies, although this is a simple calculation that does not take account of the effects of inflation or lost opportunity costs had the money been invested on something else.

Micro wind turbines

Five micro wind turbines supplied by two different manufacturers were fitted at Barratt鈥檚 Chorley development, a site described by Manchester university鈥檚 Dr Tony Sung as 鈥渧ery windy鈥�. One turbine was faulty and the others produced 鈥渞eally low readings鈥�. Sung says, theoretically, the wind turbines should have performed much better. 鈥淎ccording to the wind resources we have, wind turbines definitely have the potential to reduce carbon emissions, but the design needs to be improved,鈥� he says.

Sung says further work is needed to identify precisely why performance is so poor, but he thinks it is something to do with the interface between the turbine and the electrical system in the house. Wind turbines need a variety of devices to regulate the output and to convert it into mains current suitable for use in the home. Chris Twinn, a director at engineer Arup, says these devices are frequently crude and need further development.

Photovoltaic panels

Three identical arrays were tried out. Each array consisted of 8m虏 of PV with a peak output of 1.04kW. The arrays were fitted on different homes and faced in different directions. The panels were monitored for a year, from the beginning of June 2006 until the end of May 2007. Sung points out that the summer of 2006 was very good, and the arrays were maintenance-free.

The total outputs from each array were: south-facing array tilted at 45掳, 1034kWh of electricity; east-facing array tilted at 60掳, 760kWh; east-facing array tilted at 45掳, 818kWh. The average output is 850kWh of electricity a year. If the power is sold back to the grid, and the electricity company pays back the income it receives from meeting its renewable energy obligations, a 拢4,500 PV system would take 37.5 years to pay for itself.

Ground source heat pump

Three ground source heat pumps were trialled. Manufacturers claim that ground source heat pumps produce between 3 and 5 units of heat for every unit of energy used to run them. Sung said the systems worked very well, although his figure for the co-efficient of performance was only 2.6. Sung said fitting the pumps was 鈥渟till worth doing鈥�. A 拢7,800 system will reduce a home鈥檚 carbon emissions by 62% and has a payback period of 15 years.

Solar hot water collectors

(Not pictured). Two types of panel were fitted: a 2.5m虏 flat plate collector and a 3m虏 evacuated tube type collector, which is generally considered to be more efficient 鈥� and more expensive. According to Sung, both collectors would heat up a standard 180 litre hot water tank during the day; the flat plate collector would heat the water to 60掳C and the evacuated tube to 75掳C.

However, Sung says this doesn鈥檛 make much difference in practice; to take advantage of the greater efficiency of the evacuated tube collector, a second tank would be needed. 鈥淧aying another 拢1,000 doesn鈥檛 give you any real benefit,鈥� he says. He describes the solar hot-water system performance as 鈥渞easonably satisfactory鈥�. There is no payback data available.

Micro CHP

Two micro combined heat and power units were fitted to two homes. These were Whispergen units made by electricity supplier Powergen, which have been tried out in a number of places. They replace a gas boiler and generate both heat and electricity. They have the potential to reduce carbon emissions as the unit generates electricity more efficiently than at a central power station. Sung says the units were trouble free, although there have been reports of problems on other sites.

Over a year, the first unit produced 11,107kWh of heat and 679.9kWh of electricity, and the second, identical unit produced 9,622kWh of heat and 259.4kWh of electricity, an average ratio of heat to electricity of 4.5%. The reason for the different figures is down to how warm the occupants like their homes. Powergen has just dropped this unit, although heating products maker Baxi is set to launch a unit in the near future.