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With the threat from all three groups growing, what security measures should companies be taking? And how can firms ensure that the money they spend safeguards rather than bankrupts their business?

Security is a booming industry. The players range from single-person companies to those such as Kroll, a US-based multinational with offices in 60 cities. Kroll employs a team of architects who fly around the world advising on building security at the design stage. In architecture, as in all stages of the construction process, anticipation is the key to security.

Kroll director Nick Cordon-Lloyd says: 鈥淧eople often build first, then think about security. But it shouldn鈥檛 be an afterthought 鈥� you鈥檝e got to think about it right from the word go.鈥�

Control Risks is a UK-based firm with a similar approach to tackling security issues. It advises governments and companies on threats ranging from kidnapping and industrial espionage to fraud and disruption by ecological activists. Christopher Grose, a director of Control Risks,

says: 鈥淚t鈥檚 cheaper to build in security at the construction phase than to add it later: for example, you can design a building so that a single guard can see two entrances, and that way you don鈥檛 need to employ two guards.鈥�

Grose warns that it is impossible to achieve 100% protection against thieves, protesters and terrorists. But he adds that thinking ahead can help: 鈥淲e talk clients through how they would react to incidents and situations. We can prepare people for dealing with being asked 鈥楧id you not think of that?鈥� if something goes wrong.鈥�

Economic crime is the biggest worry for managers. Thieves take 拢100m of construction equipment and plant from building sites in Britain every year, according to Tim Purbrick, a manager at TER, a company that tracks down stolen plant. He says: 鈥淭he site manager鈥檚 car has more security than a JCB worth twice as much. There is a very lax attitude to security within

the construction industry, but that鈥檚 starting to change because the insurance companies are putting the screws on them. Insurers are throwing risks back at the industry, and in addition to a 40% rise in plant insurance premiums, the excess has gone from 拢1000 to 拢50,000. We are now seeing bonuses for people on sites being tied to the amount of plant theft.鈥�

TER investigates theft of plant worth up to 拢30m every year, and last year recovered 拢500,000 worth in Ireland alone. Although most is resold in the country where it was stolen, there is a thriving export trade. A police investigation codenamed Operation Eclipse led to the conviction and sentencing of three men for a total of 11 years in 1999 for handling stolen plant. They collected it in yards in Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire, and shipped it from Felixstowe to the port of Ashdod in Israel.

Purbrick also points to hotspots within the UK. He says: 鈥淐riminals are cherry-picking targets now security has improved. The favourite is the JCB3CX 鈥� they cost 拢45,000, and can be resold for 50 to 100% of that, so you don鈥檛 need to steal many per year to earn a very decent living.鈥�

Organised gangs, such as the one convicted of shipping plant to Israel, are usually responsible for these high-value thefts. Purbrick says they plan their jobs in advance and often steal to order. The TER website warns: 鈥淐riminals have been known to come on to sites with low loaders and steal equipment in broad daylight by 鈥榣ooking the part鈥� 鈥� wearing high visibility jackets and hard hats, and carrying out work in a confident manner. They may also bribe poorly paid security staff, threaten them, or actually assault them. Late night thefts mean they can have the plant out of the country by the start of the next working day.鈥�

There is another, more sinister type of plant thief, however, who is motivated by more than money: 鈥淲e recover a lot of plant from either side of the Northern Irish border 鈥� terrorists steal it to fund their terrorism,鈥� says Purbrick.

The good news is that there are ways to fight back. Registering your equipment with TER costs at most 拢100 a year, and increases the chances of recovering stolen goods. Tracking devices using GPS or radio technology pinpoint a machine鈥檚 location to within 10 m, and some set off alarms if it is taken off site. They don鈥檛 come cheap: the best systems cost 拢2500 to 拢5000 a month 鈥� but can cut insurance costs by 10 to 20%.

One risk that is often trickier to deal with is

the security problems posed by environmental activists. Grose says Control Risks advises clients on how to persuade pressure groups not to target their projects in the first place, but adds: 鈥淭here are some groups you just can鈥檛 negotiate with.鈥� One such is the Earth Liberation Front, an American group that caused $20m worth of damage last month when it burned down a

200-unit apartment block under construction in San Diego, California. A 12 ft painted banner found on the scene read: 鈥淚f you build it 鈥� we will burn it 鈥� the ELF are mad鈥�. And Earth First!, a direct action group of self-styled green anarchists that the FBI classes as domestic terrorists, has chapters in British cities including London, Manchester, Leeds and Newcastle. A trawl of their websites reveals hit lists of roads and buildings under construction, and practical advice on lock-picking, sabotage and evading the police (see Ozymandias鈥� Sabotage Handbook, below).

There can be a huge loss of contracts if you get security wrong

Security specialist

When it comes to protecting your projects from direct action by environmentalists, prevention is better than cure. Contractors keep Greenpeace's phones ringing with enquiries about which kinds of timber are acceptable for use. That way they hope to avoid Balfour Beatty鈥檚 fate at the government鈥檚 new Cabinet Office, where Greenpeace put up a 10 m high banner proclaiming it to be a 鈥渇orest crime scene鈥�. If you want to avoid trouble, you should allay the campaigners鈥� fears 鈥� for example, by proving that your timber is sustainable.

Dealing with implacable opponents is harder. There鈥檚 no way you can convince Earth First! that your road a good idea 鈥� but at least you can get local residents on your side. The battle for their support is crucial: if the locals support your project, then activists occupying the site will look like troublemaking cranks.

These activities are restricted to damaging equipment without hurting people. But security experts warn that contractors are coming up against a more violent outfit: the Animal Liberation Front. 鈥淎nimal rights is the biggest threat to construction,鈥� says the head of a detective agency that carries out surveillance

for companies threatened by direct action. The detective, who asked not to be named, spent

28 years with Special Branch before setting up

his own company. He says the ALF targets any organisation connected with vivisection 鈥� a strategy that crippled the pharmaceutical firm Huntingdon Life Sciences. He says: 鈥淟aboratories being built at the moment will certainly be threatened. Contractors will get letters saying, 鈥榙on鈥檛 build this鈥�. Then comes the second stage: coffins are sent to round to your house, and demonstrations held outside it. All this is a manageable problem, but it comes as a shock.鈥�

Several high-profile projects have hired security experts to manage these risks. For example,

the detective has given advice on security at

the Wellcome Trust Genome Campus under construction near Cambridge. At his suggestion, protective measures such as a magnetic field

that set off an alarm when broken were installed. His company is paid to keep close tabs on the protesters 鈥� although he won鈥檛 reveal his methods. 鈥淥ur job is to say what鈥檚 going to happen when, and how many are involved.鈥�

The detective also knows about the most chilling threat of all: terrorism. He dealt with security during the construction of the Channel Tunnel, where the IRA was threatening to plant bombs for future use. Today, the threat is compounded by the spread of Islamic fundamentalist terrorism.

Last year, Georg Sieber, a psychologist who predicted the murder of Israeli athletes at the 1972 Olympics, told 好色先生TV that there could already be bombs hidden in buildings, and the recent search for hidden explosives at Wembley stadium shows that the police and contractors are aware of the problem. A spokesperson for Multiplex, the contractor building Wembley,

says: 鈥淢ultiplex did have a meeting with police recently concerning voids, and this is standard procedure.鈥� Similar security procedures are believed to be in place at the Scottish parliament.

In light of the increased risks of terrorist attacks, firms are keen to recruit people with counterterrorism knowledge. 鈥淢ost construction companies have former police, military or intelligence people working for them, sometimes at board level, because there can be a huge loss of contracts if you get your security wrong. On government projects, each contractor is required to give written assurances that they鈥檝e vetted each employee on the site,鈥� says the detective.

And he has some practical advice for anyone