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If proof were needed that badly polluted industrial sites can be successfully rehabilitated, the former Shell Haven oil refinery on the banks of the Thames is it. This 750ha site closed down in 1999.

Shell spent more than 拢50m demolishing the refinery and cleaning up the site before moving on. In the following 10 years, nature has recolonised the site so it now has the typical Thames-side mix of long grass and reeds complete with animals and reptiles. These include snakes, lizards and protected species such as water voles and great crested newts, which were attracted to the ponds created by water collecting in the depressions left by former pile caps.

Although this is great for biodiversity, it鈥檚 not such good news for port operator DP World. It is just starting the mammoth task of building the London Gateway port, which is set to increase the UK鈥檚 port capacity by 3.5 million shipping containers each year (see What is London Gateway? below). The scale of the job is mind-boggling: 23 million m3 of earth will be used to build up the level of the site by 3m so rising sea levels won鈥檛 flood what will be Europe鈥檚 largest logistics park and an enormous port.

The new port is being designed to handle the next generation of cargo ships that are so big they can鈥檛 get up the Thames. This means scooping out 3.5m of riverbed from a 300m wide channel stretching from the port all the way to the North Sea 15 miles away. Because the ships are too big to get anywhere near the riverbank, a 2.7km long, 175ha quay has to be created in the river.

Inevitably all this work is having a huge impact on terrestrial and marine wildlife. But some of the species are protected and the directors of DP World can be thrown in jail if a worker so much as injures one. So it is crucial to ensure no harm comes to any living creature and DP World is spending 拢50m to achieve this - ironically the same amount of money Shell spent making the site such a welcoming place for wildlife in the first place.

Natural England is 100% focused on the newts and is not interested in anything else

Marcus Pearson

DP World has drafted in wildlife supremo Marcus Pearson, who managed the environmental programme on the Channel Tunnel Rail Link, Heathrow Terminal 5 and, most recently, the Olympic Park. First, he has to survey the whole site to find out what is living there. Then he has to work out precisely how the animals are going to be caught and where they will be moved to. He then has to work up a plan that details how the new sites will be monitored and managed over the next 10 years. A species masterplan is also prepared. And until Pearson has done his job, no construction work can start on the site.

All the method statements and plans are submitted to Natural England for approval. 鈥淚t鈥檚 a tortuous process and a bureaucratic nightmare,鈥� says Pearson, adding that this application is the largest ever handled by Natural England. Once work is under way, the bureaucracy doesn鈥檛 let up - Pearson has to organise a quarterly progress meeting for all the stakeholders, 92 people in all. 鈥淚t takes about a week to organise,鈥� he says.

The basic principle of wildlife relocation is that exactly the same habitat has to be recreated elsewhere. In the case of the newts, DP World has had to buy two plots of land to decant them to. These add up to 41ha of what was originally grazed marshland to the north and east of the main site. Having bought the land, 20,000 bushes and shrubs have been planted and 45 ponds dug. Another four ponds have been placed in a 鈥渂uffer zone鈥� ringing the perimeter of the site.

But fewer great crested newts have been caught than the initial surveys suggested.

鈥淲e are going to have all these ponds, which are quite expensive to build, with not many newts in them,鈥� says Pearson. Despite this, Natural England rules stipulate that the land cannot be used for other purposes - the tenant farmer cannot continue grazing the land as before.

鈥淣atural England is 100% focused on the newts and is not interested in anything else,鈥� says Pearson. 鈥淭he pond areas can be grazed at a rate of one cow per 4ha, which is no good to the farmer. His family has been here for three generations so it鈥檚 quite emotional. I think we could have kept the area much smaller and kept it as a viable farm.鈥�

Nearly 3km of tidal zone at the edge of the river is being lost to the quay so has been recreated on a 30ha plot next to the site

Like the great crested newts, the water voles also needed a carefully prepared habitat. A site was found on the River Colne in Essex, but first the mink had to be eliminated as they would have killed the voles. According to Pearson any delays catching the mink would have delayed moving the water voles - 鈥渨hich impacts on the works in the park鈥�. 鈥淭he financial penalties would have been horrendous,鈥� he says. Fortunately the relocation of water voles has gone to plan; half of the 300 that were caught on the London Gateway site were recently released into their new home.

There are four types of reptile on the site: slowworms, adders, common lizards and grass snakes. Environmental contractor Aecom reckons there are 40,000 of them. They are being rehomed in a variety of locations - for example, 8,000 reptiles recently went to a nearby RSPB reserve at West Canvey Marsh. Most of the rest are being taken to a disused airfield in Wiltshire.

Out on the Thames, work dredging the river channel has started. The material is being used to create the new quay; once this is complete and all the wildlife removed, dredged material will be used to raise the level of the site by 3m. It will take four years to create the new river channel with the work constantly monitored by 12 people. Special buoys in the river measure the levels of dissolved oxygen, the amount of silt and the salinity of the water and send the data back to the monitoring station. If any of these exceed prescribed limits, work has to stop. Fish and bird populations are also monitored, with fishermen compensated for the loss of their catches. But Pearson says they don鈥檛 always do the paperwork needed to get the money. 鈥淚鈥檝e had rotten fish sent to me,鈥� he says with a sigh.

As happened with the land, the lost maritime habitat has to be recreated elsewhere. Nearly 3km of tidal zone at the edge of the river is being lost to the quay so it has been recreated on a 30ha plot next to the site. A second 44ha site has been bought on the other side of the river. Half a metre has been skimmed off its surface and a 300m long breach has been made in the sea wall so water can flood in at high tide, creating ideal conditions for wading birds.

A Roman roundhouse and saltmaking works was discovered during the levelling works. This had to be excavated by archeologists then protected from the water flooding into the site. The work is finished but Pearson is still waiting for the birds to turn up. 鈥淭he aim is to get 7,000 wading birds here, what we would like are avocets,鈥� he says. 鈥淯nfortunately most of the ones here at the moment are gulls from the tip.鈥�