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Last week Fifa president Sepp Blatter was forced to discuss the latest and biggest problem confronting what has become the most controversial World Cup in history.

Qatar 2022 - already hit by allegations of corrupt voting and questions over whether Qatar鈥檚 intense summer heat is appropriate for a sports tournament - is now under scrutiny on another front: the rights and safety of the workers building the venues and infrastructure the tiny Gulf state needs to host the World Cup.

Dedicated World Cup construction is yet to begin but the International Trade Union Confederation has warned it could cost the lives of up to 4,000 foreign workers under current practices in its booming construction economy.

Following a meeting of Fifa鈥檚 executive committee on Friday, Blatter expressed 鈥渟ympathy and regret鈥� over recent reports in the Guardian newspaper of high numbers of fatalities among construction workers in Qatar, including the revelation that 44 Nepalese workers died in the country between 4 June and 8 August this year, with more than half of these attributed to workplace accidents or heart attacks. Blatter called on the Qatari authorities to tackle this, but also put the spotlight firmly on European construction firms, 鈥渨ho are responsible for the condition of their employees鈥�.

It is not only the health of workers and the reputations of the companies involved that are at stake. British solicitor Leigh Day is already examining the case for legal action against any UK construction firms found to be working on projects where labour laws are breached, and other lawyers are warning of further liabilities. So what are the risks for UK firms working there? And what action can British contractors and consultants take to protect themselves and the vulnerable individuals at the bottom of the supply chain?

Safety last?

On the face of it there is no financial reason why Qatar should have a poor safety record: it is the richest nation on earth by income per capita. But it also has an ambition to become a major regional power and the sheer rate of its transformation poses problems.

Qatar鈥檚 construction economy is forecast to grow faster than any other country - by 10% per year between 2012 and 2025 according to the most recent Construction 2025 report by Global Construction Perspectives and Oxford Economics. It is spending an estimated $100bn (拢62bn) of its oil and gas wealth on infrastructure ahead of the World Cup and relies heavily on cheap migrant labour, with workers from some of the world鈥檚 poorest countries making up around 1.2m of its overall 1.7m-2m population and a staggering 94% of the entire workforce. Up to a million further foreign construction workers are expected to be recruited in the decade running up to 2022.

This, coupled with the so called 鈥渒afala鈥� system - the nationally ingrained method of organising labour which hands the employer huge power over the worker (see box below) - helps explain a scenario that has been likened to modern day slavery. Combine that with temperatures which can top 50掳C and the high fatality rate becomes still easier to understand.

A study carried out by Human Rights Watch (HRW) last year, 好色先生TV a Better World Cup, found construction workers often lived in squalid conditions, struggled to get their meagre pay on time and in full, and had few means of redress. HRW鈥檚 report said the existing system 鈥渆ffectively traps many migrant workers in their jobs鈥�.

鈥淲e don鈥檛 complain because if we complain for anything, the company will punish us,鈥� one 18-year-old Nepalese worker told HRW.

One British engineer involved in the Qatar World Cup, who did not wish to be named, places most blame on unscrupulous foreign firms from developing countries working there.

鈥淨atar is actually the one country [in the region] that tries to help - in Abu Dhabi or Oman or Saudi, they鈥檙e just not interested in this - but 鈥� [the problem is] the Indian or Bangladeshi middle man who does a deal with his government [to bring the workers to Qatar].鈥�

Keith Clarke, the former Atkins chief executive and now an adviser to the Qatari government on planning and infrastructure, stresses that the problems migrants encounter are 鈥渆xacerbated by the magnitude and rapidity鈥� of Qatar鈥檚 鈥渆normous鈥� population growth in the past five years.

鈥淭he labour issues are very real 鈥� There are [construction] sites I鈥檓 familiar with in Qatar which are world class in terms of health and safety but there are others which are not even close.鈥�

Clarke believes there remains a clear economic case for the movement of labour into Qatar from poor countries, despite the risks. He says: 鈥淚t is inexcusable to not pay people for their work, to not have people coming home after their work. But repatriation of money is unbelievably important. The money being sent home is a lifeline.鈥�

UK firms

Qatar has made some efforts to improve the situation. Its labour laws, updated in 2007, do offer protection to workers but tend to be poorly enforced, according to all those spoken to for this article.

Hence in April this year, the powerful Qatar Foundation introduced a detailed set of mandatory standards for migrant workers on its projects, which go beyond the 2007 laws.

The standards set out by the quasi-governmental foundation - which is also a major construction industry client - cover workers鈥� welfare, the requirement that workers 鈥渞eceive equal pay for equal work鈥� and a list of ethical principles including outlawing recruitment or placement fees and providing better information for them on what to expect in Qatar before they set out.

Crucially though, responsibility for compliance with the standards - which look likely to be adopted by other major clients in Qatar including Q22, QRail and Ashghal and 禄 禄 could even become legislation - has been placed not with the client but with the main contractor. This potentially imposes on UK and other overseas construction firms a key enforcement role over issues such as the behaviour of recruitment firms in the worker鈥檚 country of origin, even though they may have little practical control over them.

Nick McGeehan, gulf researcher at Human Rights Watch, says: 鈥淚 think construction firms are in a very awkward position in Qatar. Many cannot afford not to be there but it鈥檚 also an unregulated market and that poses reputational risks. What is going on there is pretty horrific and not something a reputable company would want to be involved with.鈥�
What is perhaps even more alarming for such firms is the potential legal risk they face, which may even extend to criminal sanctions, experts are now warning.

Partner in Leigh Day, Daniel Leader, says the firm is examining whether UK-based contractors and project managers working in Qatar have breached the Qatari labour laws.

Though it has yet to launch any cases against British firms, it is offering its services on a conditional fee basis - an essential requirement for impoverished workers and their families.

鈥淐onstruction firms have a duty to make sure they are operating in a manner compliant with Qatari law and with international labour standards,鈥� Leader says. 鈥淭hey need to be sure of the way they are operating with regard to their own workforce but also be alive to the behaviour of subcontractors.

鈥淲here the company - or a subcontractor - is employing workers who are being abused or exploited, there is potential liability.鈥�

Other lawyers agree that the legal threat is real and growing. Jan Burgess, a partner in CMS Cameron McKenna and a solicitor specialising in health and safety, says cases could be raised against UK-based firms in the London courts based on Qatari law, breach of contract or even English common law.

鈥淲e very frequently have [international] cases raised in the UK,鈥� she says. 鈥淚t鈥檚 the law of negligence and the general duty of care, which applies to employees but also to third parties.鈥�

While Burgess believes any compensation awarded would be low because of the wages involved, she advises UK construction firms working in Qatar urgently to check if their insurers would cover such claims.

It remains possible that external pressure on the Qatari government might prompt it to arrest managers of western firms based there under Qatar鈥檚 criminal laws, a scenario that could see individuals imprisoned.

鈥淚f I was a senior manager working for a firm out in Qatar, I鈥檇 be really quite nervous at the moment as this is becoming so highly publicised,鈥� Burgess says.
鈥淲e may see some reaction from the authorities and that could be for them to go into big companies and arrest senior managers.鈥�

Action

So what can such firms actually do to improve things given they are working in a largely unfamiliar system for often demanding clients who appear to hold most of the cards? The unnamed engineer says he has resorted to trying to design less technically demanding buildings in the knowledge these will be less dangerous to construct.

But not all feel that UK firms are so powerless. Despite the difficulties, many believe that all foreign firms - and especially Qatar World Cup programme manager CH2M Hill - can make a meaningful difference.

Keith Clarke insists firms can ensure decent conditions for workers, and is contemptuous of those that instead fret about getting sued. 鈥淵ou need to take reasonable measures to make sure people aren鈥檛 placed at risk,鈥� he says. 鈥淚f you are worried about legal action for killing people then the answer is to stop killing people.鈥�
He adds that making sure the supply chain is paid is 鈥渇undamental鈥� and believes consultants can play a role by specifying contracts including clauses covering health and safety. 鈥淚 didn鈥檛 say it was easy to influence the client but it can be done and there is no excuse for not trying.鈥�

A number of consultants working in Qatar spoken to by 好色先生TV say they will raise the issue with their clients to help ensure necessary action is taken. A spokesperson for architect Grimshaw said the firm 鈥渨ill be discussing working conditions with our clients in the region as soon as we can, and reviewing what we, as building designers, can do to help.鈥� Likewise Paul Dollin, executive director at WSP, said the firm would 鈥渃ontinue to use our position in the Qatar supply chain to influence high standards of health and safety.鈥�

Further to that, HRW鈥檚 McGeehan believes Qatar鈥檚 need for UK expertise can be leveraged through collective action to improve conditions that wouldn鈥檛 damage individual firms鈥� commercial position. He says: 鈥淚鈥檇 like to know whether there has been any collective action on the part of the firms to approach the Qatari government? Of course, that is difficult, so why not approach the UK government and ask it to approach the Qatari government?鈥�

That idea may prove appealing to the firms involved. Given the growing profile of Qatar鈥檚 World Cup workers, it seems the only option UK firms can now rule out is to do nothing.