Specialist costs: Office fit-out

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Although demand for new-build office space has plummeted in the past two years, one particular office sector is active and competitive. In this model, Davis Langdon & Everest, services cost consultant Mott Green & Wall and property tax specialist NBW Crosher & James examine the falling costs of fit-out

The office fit-out sector Office fit-out is a niche market requiring consultants and contractors with specialist skills. These include identifying client requirements, deriving maximum efficiently from lettable space, delivering projects to tight cost and time budgets and managing the complex process of the business move.
Most fit-out clients are end users, with varying degrees of experience of the design, procurement and construction process.
Common client requirements on fit-out projects will include:

The ability to accommodate the specific needs of the organisation
Delivery within tightly controlled timescales and capital budgets
The ability to accommodate change, including amendments to layouts and stacking plans during the construction programme.

Fit-out projects are more dynamic than base-build office schemes and as a result, a high degree of flexibility is required to meet the client's objectives.
Increasing efficiency through fit-out Occupying new space or reorganising existing space presents the opportunity for an organisation to challenge the way in which floor space is used and how it operates 鈥� both of which can contribute to greater organisational effectiveness.
Maximising the efficiency of space usage is essential for companies to maintain competitiveness. Property costs, including rent, rates, energy costs, maintenance and fit-outs are typically the second largest business cost after personnel. Better use of expensive work space can be achieved in the following ways:Floorplate efficiency
Selecting floorplates that have well planned cores and a layout that permits efficient circulation and means of escape.

Space-planning efficiency Optimising occupation densities by:

Greater use of open-plan office space
Rationalising space standards
Actively managing on-floor storage
Minimising requirements for secondary on-floor circulation.

Minimising costs of churn Office churn has become an increasingly significant element of cost as more organisations structure themselves by project team. In some companies, annual churn rates in excess of 100% are the norm.
Costs of moving staff within the organisation can be minimised by:

Adopting universal space planning standards 鈥� the ability to move people without reconfiguring workspaces is vital in facilitating cost-effective churn
Utilising interchangeable furniture and partition systems
Providing an appropriate density of small power and data points to enable simple reconfiguration.

Increasing the intensity of the use of workstations Utilisation of desk space in many organisations can be as low as 50%, and methods such as hot-desking have been used to increase the utilisation of fixed space. However, hot-desking only suits firms with a highly mobile workforce such as sales or audit teams.

In addition to the physical efficiency of space planning, the fit-out will also have an impact upon the effectiveness of the workforce. Part of this effect is related to the quality of the working environment; the other element is related to the range of settings available to staff to enable them to work more effectively either in teams or individually as required, and using the zoning of different types of space to minimise disruption caused by noisier, collaborative working.
The range of space that will be included in a typical fit-out will include:

Open-plan space with a combination of shared and owned desks
Limited cellular office space
'Touchdown' space with communications links for visiting staff
Team tables or informal meeting space
Study booths for concentrated work
Flexible enclosed meeting rooms
Service areas for printing, photocopying and other such activities.

As fitted-out space becomes more varied, the challenge for the designer is to maintain the overall efficiency of space-planning, both in terms of area per head and also to increase effectiveness by providing appropriate work settings and segregating incompatible spaces.

Types of fit-out Category A
A category A fit-out (developer's finish) typically includes all finishes, suspended ceilings, raised floors, carpets and the extension of mechanical and electrical services into the office area. There is, however, no standard definition, and the level of provision varies slightly from developer to developer. Shell-and-core developments, on the other hand, include finishes to landlord's areas only, with services distribution capped off at risers to each office floor.
The category A fit-out typically adds 拢375-425/m² (net internal floor area) in City of London or West End offices and 拢260-325/m² (nifa) for out-of-town schemes.
The table right details the build-up to a typical category A fit-out for City or West End and for out-of-town schemes.
Category B
Category B fit-out works are required to go one further, and complete the fit-out to the future occupier's specific requirements, including partitioning to cellular offices, enhanced finishes, fittings and services to specialist areas, furniture and fittings and IT installations. This fit-out can also include modifications to shell-and-core and/or category A finishes and services installations to accommodate a client's space-planning and operational requirements.
There are significant potential benefits to tenants in taking space in a shell-and-core condition, particularly as a pre-let. These include:

Avoiding costs associated with stripping out the category A fit-out or modifying the base building.
The opportunity to incorporate changes to the base-build specification without significant cost penalties.
Potential overall programme savings of 18-20%.

However, in the current demand-led market there are increasingly fewer new-build developments seeking a pre-let that provide this opportunity.

The scope and definition of fit-out works As fit-out works are tailored to the precise requirements of clients, they are harder to summarise in terms of cost or programme than many other types of construction.
Five factors in particular contribute to this:

the business and organisational structure of the client
the state of completion and suitability of the base building
the range of different types of space and facilities required
the extent of the services installation, and in particular, the degree of resilience required for small power and IT
the speed of construction necessary to achieve the client's programme.

Nature of organisation
The first factor, the nature of the client organisation, has a profound effect upon the type of fit-out. The differing requirements of clients such as banks, corporations or professional firms create sub-markets for schemes with widely varying expectations of occupational density, degree of cellularisation, quality, flexibility, servicing requirements and capital and recurrent costs.
The table above sets out these differences with indicative costs for a range of business types.
State of completion
The second factor, the extent of the developer's finish and potential requirements for base building modifications, can also make it difficult to compare the costs of fit-out projects on a like-for-like basis. This will be due to:

Variations in the scope of category A and category B fit-out works, including the extent of small power provision, lighting control, density of HVAC terminals, or the number of IT points
The extent of the fit-out. Some office buildings may only have one floor completed to a category A standard for marketing purposes. Although the fit-out of the remaining floors will avoid costs of adaptation, no benefit will be obtained from integration with the base build works
The cost of modifications to the base building and the category A fit-out.

Space requirements
The third factor that affects the fit-out works, and therefore costs, is the content of the office space itself. Although general office space will take up the bulk of the floorplate, most fit-out schemes will include varying degrees of cellularisation and additional facilities such as meeting rooms or catering facilities, which have different cost profiles.
The table below summarises the costs of general office space for open-plan and cellular arrangements and for a range of specialist spaces. Costs are based on developments fitted out from a shell-and-core condition.
Scope of services installation
The fourth cost driver involves the scope of the building services installation. The main areas of variation include:

The density of occupation in open plan areas, which may require additional ventilation and cooling
The location of "hot spots" around service centres and other areas with high equipment loads
Requirements for additional services and dedicated controls for cellular space and meeting rooms
The specification of uninterrupted power supply and standby power generation. In addition to the total load, the reslience of they system to component failure will also affect costs, being determined by requirements for dual power supplies, modular plant and in some cases, reserve machinery
The extent of the IT and communications installation, including density of connection points and number of main and subequipment rooms.

Construction programme 
The final factor that affects cost levels is the overall duration of the project 鈥� in particular, the degree of acceleration required to meet the client's programme.
Reduced overall project durations can be achieved by overlapping the design, procurement and construction processes, by compressing tender periods, or by increasing pace of work using double- or triple-shift working.
Multiple shift working on a fast-track procurement programme can reduce project length up to 35% compared with a traditionally procured project, but will incur cost premiums of between 30% and 50%.

Taxation issues Capital allowances are available to encourage investment in commercial property. The allowances that will typically be available on a fit-out project are:

Machinery and plant allowances at 25% per annum on a reducing balance basis, on the value of allowable expenditure
Enhanced allowances in the form of a 100% first year allowance on energy saving machinery and plant.

The rules about capital allowances are given in the Capital Allowances Act 2001 and subsequent finance acts. The legislation only defines what cannot be "machinery and plant", so ultimately what can qualify can only be determined by reference to a body of case law.
In general, office fit-outs involve a high proportion of claimable items and the proportion of capital cost that can qualify for allowances can be as high as 50%-80%.
Examples of items of fit-out expenditure that may be included in a capital allowances claim include:

Demountable partitions
Raised access floors (only if used as an air-conditioning plenum)
Carpet tiles
Suspended ceilings (only if used as an air-conditioning plenum)
Fixed furniture and fittings
Window blinds
Kitchens, tea points and so on, including water, drainage and ventilation services
Air-conditioning installations
Dedicated ventilation systems
Underfloor busbar small power distribution
Lighting and luminaires designed to specific business requirements
Emergency lighting
Lighting control systems
Sprinkler systems
Fire alarms, data wiring, CCTV and security systems, including wireways.

Allowances for modifications to existing systems, incidental alteration works, builder's work testing and commissioning, preliminaries and professional fees can also be included in any claim.
It is good practice to consider and clearly identify allowable works at an early stage in the procurement process and ensure that contract documentation provides an audit trail that can be used to support negotiations with the Inland Revenue.

Further information about energy-saving machinery and plant can be found on the government website at www.eca.gov.uk.
Procurement Like most construction contracts, certainty over cost, time and quality and the achievement of value for money are major factors for the client in determining the selection of the procurement route. Programme is usually the most significant factor with completion dates being set by business needs or by lease dates. A further factor that needs to be accounted for in the selection is the need for flexibility to accommodate changes driven by business need or to take into account requirements that cannot be defined at the outset of the project.
Both lump-sum or package-based procurement routes can be successfully used for fit-out works. In the current market, characterised by medium-sized projects and a high degree of competition, lump-sum projects offer a straightforward solution that can be adapted to meet constraints of programme or design development as required.
The table right sets out indicative percentage additions on net construction costs for preliminaries and contractor's fees for a range of common procurement routes.
Where the programme allows, single-stage lump-sum tenders based on abbreviated quantities will provide maximum price competition and early cost certainty. In circumstances whereby design information will not be available early enough for a full tender, a two-stage process can be adopted, with the main contractor appointment based on resource costs, preliminaries and overheads and profit.
On particularly tight construction programmes, negotiation with a single contractor may be the best option. Although some competitive edge may be lost compared with the single-stage tender, the benefits of early appointment, including contractor input into pre-planning, value engineering and early ordering of long-lead-in items may offset any premium paid to meet the required completion date.
Fit-out projects involve a large number of specialist contracts and most of these 鈥� including the IT installation will be incorporated into the main contract. Where direct contracts for office furniture and other items are used, it is good practice to ensure that the main contractor allows for these works in the programme and that the tender includes allowances for an appropriate level of management resource.
Cost breakdown Below are the costs of a range of fit-out components providing varying levels of quality and in-built flexibility. The rates are current at March 2003, based on an outer London location, and are appropriate for large and medium-sized fit-out projects in excess of 2500 m². Rates for specialist finishes that would generally only be applied in small areas outside of general office space are priced at levels that reflect the small quantities of work involved. The final table on page 77 sets out indicative costs of a range of workstation types.
In addition to the building works that are typically included within a fit-out contract, there are many sources of direct cost that the client must take into consideration and need to be allowed for in the overall cost of the office project.
These client costs are typically excluded from the construction budgets of fit-out projects, and include:
Professional fees
VAT
Statutory fees
Project insurances
Computer and data systems beyond data cabling
Data links to other buildings, including satellite dishes
PABX systems and handsets
Office equipment including reprographics, copiers, faxes, task lighting and loose desk accessories
AV installations to meeting rooms
Medical equipment to sickrooms
Vending machines
Non statutory signage
Plants
Works of art
Operating supplies
Removals, including move management, insurance, security and disposal of redundant furniture
Personnel costs, including redundancy payments.