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In many projects it becomes evidentially difficult, even impossible, to attribute particular elements of loss and expense to particular causes for which the employer is responsible. Claims are frequently presented on the basis that the total amount by which the contractor鈥檚 cost has exceeded the amount to which it might otherwise be entitled to be paid is attributable to a variety of matters for which a contractor is entitled to claim further payment. The success or failure of these 鈥済lobal鈥� or 鈥渢otal cost鈥� claims can have great financial significance. Understandably, any authoritative guidance from the courts on this method of presenting and proving claims is pored over by lawyers and the industry alike.

A recent decision, John Sisk & Son Ltd vs Carmel 好色先生TV Services [2016] in the Technology and Cosntruction Court (TCC), revisits the subject. The contractor, John Sisk & Son, terminated its amended JCT subcontract with its subcontractor, Carmel. It was contractually entitled to do so because Carmel entered into administration. In a subsequent arbitration between the parties, John Sisk & Son claimed loss and expense under the subcontract. It presented that claim in two alternative ways. The primary (and higher value) claim was for the whole amount of the losses John Sisk & Son claimed to have sustained as a result of the termination. The lower value alternative formulation was an itemised claim for costs caused by termination.

The success or failure of these 鈥榯otal cost鈥� claims can have great financial significance. any guidance from the courts is pored over by lawyers and the industry

The arbitrator decided John Sisk & Son鈥檚 primary claim (which he labelled, 鈥渇or convenience鈥�, the 鈥渢otal costs claim鈥�) was not a 鈥済lobal鈥� claim, but nonetheless concluded that Carmel鈥檚 evidence had cast 鈥渟ufficient doubt鈥� on the accuracy of that claim to justify its rejection. Sisk appealed to the TCC. It said the arbitrator had: (i) wrongly treated 鈥済lobal鈥� and 鈥渢otal cost鈥� claims as different; (ii) wrongly decided Sisk鈥檚 claim was a global claim; and (iii) incorrectly interpreted the decision in Walter Lilly & Company Ltd vs Mackay as imposing a greater burden of proof on a party making a global claim, and requiring that party to prove the validity of the cost it says would have been incurred were it not for the matters giving rise to the claim.

John Sisk & Son鈥檚 appeal failed. The court decided that arbitrator had not treated global and total costs claims as though they were separate concepts (implicitly acknowledging that to do so would have been incorrect) nor had he treated John Sisk & Son鈥檚 claim as a global claim. The arbitrator had recognised that even if the firm鈥檚 claim was global, that would not preclude it from succeeding, but had (correctly, the court cautioned) said that a party endeavouring to prove a global or total costs claim would carry a greater burden than a party endeavouring to prove the same claim on an itemised basis. As the court put it: 鈥淭here are added evidential difficulties in proving a global or total costs claim.鈥� Those difficulties were explored in more detail in Walter Lilly.

The case provides a timely reminder that it is likely to be a far easier task for a defendant to attack and undermine a tribunal鈥檚 confidence in a global claim. Where it is possible (and, admittedly, it will not always be possible) contractors and subcontractors will undoubtedly put themselves in a much better position by presenting an itemised claim, with identified causal links between their losses and the employer鈥檚 actions.

The case provides a timely reminder that it is likely to be a far easier task for a defendant to attack and undermine a tribunal鈥檚 confidence in a global claim

The decision also provides some useful guidance on the perhaps less glamorous subject of claims for interest. When putting together claims, interest is all too often an afterthought to be tacked on the end without careful consideration. In high value claims particularly, it can merit greater thought and attention. Contractual rates under the JCT suite are typically 5% above base, unless amended by the parties. By contrast, where the Late Payment of Commercial Debts (Interest) Act 1998 (the 鈥淒ebts Act鈥�) applies, the rate is rather higher: currently 8% above base, plus a small amount of statutory compensation.

The question for the arbitrator, and subsequently the court, was whether clause 4.10.5 of the subcontract (under which interest at 5.5% would have been due) provided a 鈥渟ubstantial remedy鈥� for late payment of the sums due to Carmel under clause 7.7.4 of the JCT conditions. The arbitrator found it did not, such that Carmel was entitled to interest under the Debts Act at the rate of 8.5%. The court agreed with that decision, but for a different reason: it found that clause 4.10.5 of the JCT conditions applied only to late interim payments due under clause 4.10.1. It did not cover late payment of sums due under clause 7.7.4.

In this time of perennially low base rates, both the contractual and statutory rates exceed the amount one might expect to pay under a commercial loan arrangement. But the application of the Debts Act can prove especially valuable. The court鈥檚 decision may prompt amendments to the JCT forms, whether by the parties or, indeed, by its publisher.

Nevertheless, whatever the form of contract, astute claimants will always take the time to examine whether the substantial interest rate applicable under the Debts Act, instead of any lesser contractual rate, might be relied upon.

Sir Robert Akenhead is an arbitrator, mediator, DRB member and adjudicator at Atkin Chambers. From 2010鈥�2013 he was judge in charge of the Technology and Construction Court. He was assisted in this article by Omar Eljadi, a barrister at Atkin Chambers