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It is fair to say that basement conversions are controversial. On the one hand, they can cause mayhem and stress for neighbours but on the other, they provide an excellent solution to alleviating cramped living once completed.

Basements also raise particular design challenges which can lead to numerous problems if things go wrong, including if the insurers refuse to pay and the question arises: who is at fault? The recent case of Goldswain vs Beltec Ltd (t/a BCS Consulting) [2015] (TCC) provided welcome insight into these knotty issues where the remit of an engineer鈥檚 duty to warn, and extent of responsibility for design, were considered.

The facts of the case were as follows: Mr Goldswain and his partner Ms Hale (the claimants) owned a ground floor flat in a semi-detached house. The flat had a cellar and the plan was to convert the cellar into living accommodation by underpinning the outer walls and lowering the floor to create more height. The claimants appointed engineer Beltec Ltd to design the essential structural works and AIMS Plumbing and 好色先生TV Services Limited to carry out the work.

AIMS started the work and installed the underpinning but apparently not anything else of importance. AIMS retained Beltec to visit the site to inspect the construction of the initial pin and Beltec duly visited the site and advised AIMS that the pin had not been constructed in accordance with the design. 

Engineers should expect that builders would understand and act upon the construction method indicated

The underpinning was completed but shortly afterwards, following increasing amounts of cracking in the superstructure, the house collapsed.  The claimants鈥� insurer refused to cover the claim on the grounds of inadequate construction.

The claimants then issued proceedings against Beltec and AIMS claiming that Beltec had failed to exercise the appropriate level of skill and care when designing the basement and failed to warn the claimants about the contractor鈥檚 progress following the
initial site visit. Unfortunately, according to the judgment, AIMS was, at that time, 鈥渂elieved to be insolvent鈥� and so did not take part in the proceedings. 

The court ruled that Beltec was not liable and that there was an overwhelming probability that AIMS had failed to carry out its work with reasonable skill and care or complied with the drawings with which it had been provided. Therefore, AIMS鈥� breaches of contract had caused the collapse. 

The key points to note are as follows:

• The court had close regard to the scope of Beltec鈥檚 retainer and held that Beltec had no ongoing obligation to supervise the works. Beltec鈥檚 obligation was limited to providing the claimants with the structural designs with reasonable care and skill.
• Competent engineers should be entitled to expect that builders would understand and act upon the construction method indicated in the drawings.
• The court explained that when and to what extent the duty will apply will depend on all the circumstances, but it will often arise when there is an obvious and significant danger either to life and limb or to property.

In addition, the obligation can arise when a careful professional ought to have known of such danger, having regard to all the facts and circumstances. 

The court will be unlikely to conclude that a duty to warn arises in situations where, at the time that the professional inspects the work, there is a possibility that the contractor in question may in future not do the works properly. Here, Beltec did not owe the claimant a duty to warn. It was AIMS, and not the claimants, who had retained Beltec to visit the site to see what AIMS had done in relation to the initial pin. Beltec advised that the pin should be redone and resent AIMS the drawings; however, there was no danger at this stage. 

The court held that, while generally it is the responsibility of the engineer or architect  to design the permanent works and the contractor鈥檚 responsibility to construct the temporary works required to build the permanent works, it will always be necessary to consider what services the professional is engaged to provide. 

Here, it was noted that Beltec鈥檚 design provided a precise sequence of work which, if followed, would have resulted in the basement being created without any significant damage to the structure above. The conclusion was that nothing in Beltec鈥檚 design should have prevented AIMS from working in a reasonably safe way.

Sarah Strange is a senior associate in the construction and engineering team at international law firm Taylor Wessing