好色先生TV

In this case the Judge considered that an electronic signature block at the end of an email may be sufficient to constitute a signature for the purposes of section four of the Statute of Frauds 1677. This opens up the possibility of a guarantee being formed by an email (or email chain) even where there is no 鈥渕anual signature鈥�.

The Facts

The claimant in this case, Golden Ocean Group Limited, was a shipping company (鈥淕olden Ocean鈥�). The second defendant, Mr Salgaocar, was a majority shareholder in the first defendant, Salgaocar Mining Industries PVT Limited (鈥淪MI鈥�).

In early 2008 Golden Ocean offered to charter to SMI (or an account guaranteed by SMI) a vessel with an option to purchase the vessel at the end of the charter period. The entity nominated by SMI to enter into the charter was Trustworth Shipping Pte Ltd (鈥淭rustworth鈥�). Trustworth was a related company. The negotiations following this offer were conducted by email and proceeded on the basis 鈥淭rustworth fully guaranteed by SMI.鈥�

Golden Ocean later alleged that the charter had been repudiated by Trustworth and, further, that the charter had been guaranteed by SMI.

The defendants applied for permission to set aside an order giving Golden Ocean permission to serve their claim form on them in Goa. They argued there was no 鈥渟erious issue to be tried鈥� as Golden Ocean could not demonstrate its claim against SMI had a reasonable prospect of success. In particular, the guarantee was unenforceable under section four of the Statute of Frauds 1667 (the 鈥淪tatute of Frauds鈥�).

This provides:

鈥淣o action shall be brought whereby to charge the Defendant upon any special promise to answer for the debt default or miscarriage of another person unless the agreement upon which such action shall be brought or some memorandum or note thereof shall be in writing and signed by the party to be charged therewith or some other person thereunto by him lawfully authorised.鈥� [Emphasis added]

They further argued that the email chain was too disjointed and insufficient to constitute a guarantee within the meaning of the Statute of Frauds.

The Issues

There were a number of issues but the key one for construction practitioners was whether the email chain was capable of constituting a guarantee.

The Decision

The judge dismissed the defendants鈥� arguments and held that Golden Ocean had a 鈥渨ell arguable case鈥� that the guarantee was in writing and did not fall foul of the Statute of Frauds. This was for a number of reasons.

First, the judge did no accept that if the parties agree by email the basic terms of a charterparty including a guarantee and then the detailed terms of the charterparty, so that the concluding emails in the sequence of negotiations no longer made reference to the guarantee, their final agreement was not, including the guarantee, an agreement in writing for the purpose of the Statute of Frauds. The use of the phrase 鈥渇ully guaranteed by [SMI]鈥� signified that the charterparty, once its terms were agreed, was one that was guaranteed by SMI. The words did not have any element of futurity about them. For example, they did not say 鈥渢o be guaranteed.鈥�

It did not matter that there was no form of recap of the terms at the end of the negotiations. Neither did the judge accept that, if an agreement has been made in writing, there was some limit to the number of documents to which reference is permissible. As a matter of commercial good sense it was 鈥渉ighly desirable鈥� that the law should give effect to agreements made by a series of email communications which follow, 鈥渕ore than clearly than many negotiations between men of business, the sequence of offer, counter offer, and final acceptance by which, classically, the law determines whether a contract has been made.鈥�

In relation to the question of whether the guarantee was signed, the judge noted the emails which constituted the contract were signed by the electronically printed signature of the persons who sent them and that this was sufficient to constitute a signature for the purpose of the Statute of Frauds.

Comments

The judge did not have to decide whether the email chain in question was in fact a guarantee only whether there was a 鈥渟erious issue to be tried鈥�. Nevertheless, those conducting commercial negotiations over email should be more careful than ever that they do not enter into binding agreements, or indeed guarantees, inadvertently. A failure to manually sign a guarantee is not necessarily sufficient to prevent one being entered into. The signature block at the end of your email may do this for you.

Details:

Golden Ocean Group vs (1) Salgaocar Mining Industries PVT (2) Mr Anil V. Salgaocar, [2011] EWHC 56 (Comm) before Mr Justice Christopher Clarke

Claire King, Fenwick Elliott

cking@fenwickelliott.com