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The question of whether a collateral warranty is a construction contract for the purposes of the Construction Act is a problem that for decades has challenged parties to disputes. Some guidance was given by the courts eight years ago in Parkwood Leisure Ltd vs Laing O鈥橰ourke Wales and West Ltd [2013] EWHC 2665, but as that case turned on its facts and the terms of the warranty at issue, it was unclear whether the principles set out in that case would apply more generally.

The point did not trouble the courts again until this summer, when it came up in Toppan Holdings Ltd and Another vs Simply Construct (UK) LLP [2021] EWHC 2110. The original developer (whose interest was novated to Toppan) had entered into a contract with Simply Construct in 2015 to build a care home. Practical completion took place in 2016, but in 2018 various defects were identified. While Toppan requested Simply Construct to rectify the defects, in the end the remedial works were carried out by a different contractor and reached practical completion in February 2020. In October, after pressure from Toppan, Simply Construct executed a collateral warranty in favour of the second claimant, Abbey (the tenant and operator of the care home).

Toppan and Abbey commenced adjudications against Simply Construct 鈥� Toppan under the building contract novated to it and Abbey under its collateral warranty. The decisions were issued in April 2021, but Simply Construct did not comply so Toppan and Abbey commenced enforcement proceedings. Simply Construct resisted enforcement on various grounds, the key one (on Abbey) being, so Simply Construct said, that the adjudicator had no jurisdiction as the collateral warranty was not a construction contract for the purposes of the Construction Act so there was no right to adjudicate.

The Abbey collateral warranty was entered into years after practical completion and several months after completion of the remedial works by the third-party contractor. Key terms of the warranty included warranties that Simply Construct 鈥渉as performed and will continue to perform diligently鈥� its obligations under the building contract and that it 鈥渉as exercised and will continue to exercise鈥� reasonable skill, care and diligence in carrying out the works and the design of them.

It seems increasingly unlikely that warranties executed many years after practical completion will be construed as construction contracts, even if they are expressed to operate prospectively as well as retrospectively

In Parkwood the court had set out three points of principle in determining whether a collateral warranty is a construction contract: first, the fact that the warranty is wholly retrospective is no bar to it being a construction contract; second, parliament intended a wide definition of 鈥渃onstruction contract鈥� for the purposes of the Construction Act and applying a straitjacketed judicial interpretation was unnecessary; third, that where one party to a contract agrees to carry out construction operations, it usually (and possibly inevitably) will be an agreement 鈥渇or the carrying out of construction operations鈥�.

However, in Parkwood the court also said: 鈥淎 very strong pointer to [a warranty being a construction contract] will be whether or not the relevant contractor is undertaking to the beneficiary of the warranty to carry out [construction] operations. A pointer against may be that all the works are completed and that the contractor is simply warranting a past state of affairs as reaching a certain level, quality or standard.鈥�

In Toppan, the court held that the Abbey collateral warranty was not a construction contract. In doing so, it placed some weight on the absence from the Abbey warranty of the 鈥渁cknowledgment and undertaking鈥� wording that had been a factor leading the court to consider the warranty in the Parkwood case to be a collateral warranty. But the court also placed emphasis on the timing of the execution of the collateral warranty, and set out the principles that:

n Where a contractor agrees to carry out uncompleted works in the future, that will be a very strong pointer that the collateral warranty is a construction contract and the parties will have a right to adjudicate.

n Conversely, where the works have already been completed, and (as in this case) even latent defects have been remedied by other contractors, a construction contract is unlikely to arise and there will be no right to adjudicate.

Even though the collateral warranty contained warranties that expressly applied prospectively as well as retrospectively, it needed to be construed against the relevant factual background. Given that practical completion was achieved many years before, the remedial works were carried out by a third party months before the warranty was executed, and there was no suggestion that the parties contemplated any further construction operations being carried out, the court found that the warranty was no more than a warranty of a state of affairs akin to a manufacturer鈥檚 warranty and therefore was not a construction contract.

If this approach is applied, it seems increasingly unlikely that warranties executed many years after practical completion will be construed as construction contracts, even if they are expressed to operate prospectively as well as retrospectively. Time will tell whether the remark made by the judge that this is particularly the case where 鈥渆ven latent defects have been remedied by other contractors鈥� is a crucial differentiator. I suspect we haven鈥檛 heard the end of this topic yet.

Victoria Peckett is partner in, and co-head of the construction and engineering team at, CMS UK