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Forget the latest starchitect-designed glass and steel box. The buildings that people truly love are chocolate-box cottages, elegant Regency terraces and thatched pubs with a welcoming fire.

But there are downsides to living in a historic building as these are usually draughty, uninsulated and a nightmare to heat in the winter. Rising energy prices are forcing residents to investigate how to reduce bills by improving the thermal performance of their historic buildings 鈥� and there are the UK鈥檚 net zero targets to consider too.

If this seems like a minor issue for a privileged few, then think again. There are some 500,000 listed buildings in mainland Britain with many more unlisted but collectively significant buildings in the UK鈥檚 10,000 conservation areas. Indeed, Historic England estimates that up to 25% of our housing stock has heritage features which could constrain retrofits.

Beautifully detailed timber external doors and windows are not easy to thermally upgrade without losing character. Most traditional buildings feature solid walls, so insulation must go on the inner or outer face of those walls, which compromises decorative features such as cornices and impacts on the depths of window reveals.

External insulation is out of the question on buildings with stone or brick facades as this would radically change the appearance. And fitting modern, impermeable insulation to traditional solid-walled buildings can cause serious damp and mould problems as old walls are designed to be vapour permeable. All these factors mean that it can be much harder to retrofit a historic building than a more modern one.

The first hurdle that listed building owners have to negotiate is permission to make changes. Any material change to a listed building requires listed building consent,  and this will include most retrofit measures. The rules around this are strict as making unauthorised changes to a listed building is a criminal offence with no statute of limitation because this can irrevocably change the character of the building.

Some conservation areas are subject to what is called an Article 4 Direction, which removes permitted development rights. This means planning permission is needed for replacement windows, doors, roofing materials or anything which affects the appearance of the building. This can apply to all the buildings in a conservation area and 鈥搖nlike listed building consent applications, which are free 鈥� fees are payable for planning.

It is really difficult when you get down to more everyday buildings that are quite inefficient but have a degree of statutory protection because the cost of justifying change is hard on a domestic scale

Josh McCosh, van Heyningen & Haward Architects

Applications to change a protected building must be accompanied by a statement outlining the building鈥檚 significance and justification for those changes. 鈥淎ny decision maker is going to look at the significance of the heritage asset before considering any change,鈥� explains historic building consultant Esther Robinson Wild, speaking at a recent Edge debate on retrofitting historic buildings.

鈥淚n terms of constraints, there is a perception that you can鈥檛 change listed buildings, which isn鈥檛 necessarily true. A sound understanding of what is interesting and what is important about the asset can form a good basis on which you can consider any alterations. That goes down to fabric, plan and form.鈥�

Detailed drawings and plans are also needed for planning and listed consent applications.

Although understandably necessary, supplying that information is likely to require the services of experts, which is likely to be expensive. Josh McCosh, partner at van Heyningen & Haward Architects (vHH), with long experience of giving historic buildings a new lease of life, says that this is easier for owners of high quality buildings as they are more likely to have the resources.

鈥淚t is really difficult when you get down to more everyday buildings that are quite inefficient but have a degree of statutory protection because the cost of justifying change is hard on a domestic scale. As a share of the total energy use and carbon impacts, the domestic stuff adds up to a massive proportion.鈥�

What sort of changes are likely to get permission? This is something of a lottery as it depends on the significance of the building, the extent of the changes being proposed and the individual making the decision. All things being equal, it will be much harder to get permission to make changes to a grade I listed country house or grand civic building than a modest terrace.

Indeed, making changes to a building with grand rooms with elaborate plasterwork and a stone exterior will be almost impossible. McCosh says these are the hardest buildings to retrofit but adds that there will be areas that can be improved.

鈥淭here are probably acres of rooms upstairs with little architectural value, so you design your scheme to suit. You improve the insulation in the roof and in the service areas and leave the great state rooms be.鈥�

As McCosh says, the biggest contribution to carbon emissions comes from more modest buildings as nearly 92% of listed buildings are grade II, so the focus should be on these. 鈥淭here are plenty of grade II listed buildings which are there for group value so it wouldn鈥檛 make a blind bit of difference to their contribution to the cultural landscape overall if they were upgraded,鈥� he says.

This begs the question: what sort of carbon reductions should we target for historic buildings? LETI鈥檚 climate emergency retrofit guide, which sets out a process for retrofitting existing buildings includes three levels of carbon reduction target.

The exemplar standard is equivalent to EnerPhit, the Passivhaus retrofit standard, and will achieve an average 83% space heating demand reduction compared to the average unimproved existing building. The guide acknowledges that this standard of retrofit is not realistic for historic buildings and those with limited space for internal insulation.

It includes a so-called constrained target which aims for an average 56% reduction in space heating demand. In practice this will vary depending on the type of building 鈥� a terraced property is inherently more energy efficient than a detached one 鈥� and the significance of the building.

The extent of most retrofits will be determined by the local planning department. Historic England is closely involved in listed building consent applications for grade I and grade II* buildings and local planners will generally follow Historic England鈥檚 recommendations. Grade II applications, which cover over 90% of buildings, are determined solely by local planners, usually local conservation officers.

Whether an application gets permission or not is a postcode lottery. McCosh says local conservation officers are not as knowledgeable and less in tune with the notion of viability as Historic England.

鈥淚 always heave a sigh of relief when we are dealing with Historic England rather than the local conservation officer because they have usually transferred sideways from being a planning officer and, very often, they don鈥檛 really have the skillset, the time or the knowledge to think about things well. Historic England is quite good at intellectually working things through.鈥�

Part of the problem is down to cuts. According to the Institute of Historic 好色先生TV Conservation (IHBC), the professional body for building conservation practitioners, local authorities鈥� access to specialist conservation advice fell by 49% between 2009 and 2020. Furthermore, 6% of local authorities have no access to conservation advice in any form and a quarter only have access to less than the equivalent of one person working half time.

At this point we had a more constructive conversation with the Inspector of Monuments and 好色先生TVs and English Heritage because keeping it there even with significant adaptation was worth it because otherwise it would have been bulldozed

Josh McCosh, van Heyningen & Haward Architects

Historic England is all too aware of the problem and, according to Morwenna Slade, Historic England鈥檚 head of historic building climate change adaptation, is working with the government to identify the barriers to better retrofit conservation support. 鈥淐onsistency is one of biggest issues and in my experience each local authority will take a different approach,鈥� she says.

鈥淲hat we need to do is support our local authorities with appropriate training and capacity. That鈥檚 not just more conservation officers but retrofit-specific roles and appropriate training to ensure that our planning departments at local authority level understand how to do this because at the moment we just don鈥檛 have that.鈥�

Slade adds that her team are working with the IHBC on a series of retrofit-specific webinars aimed at local conservation officers that will launch next spring.

Part of the challenge is the need for a general shift in attitudes towards retrofitting historic buildings because, if this becomes too difficult and expensiv, people will simply abandon them. McCosh says that vHH has had several projects over the years where this has happened, including No 1 Smithery at the Chatham naval dockyard which the practice turned into a museum.

This was a scheduled ancient monument and grade II* listed. 鈥淚ts economic life had ended, and the level of intervention needed to sustain it was unpalatable to the heritage bodies until it was on the point of collapse,鈥� says McCosh.

鈥淎t this point we had a more constructive conversation with the Inspector of Monuments and 好色先生TVs and English Heritage because keeping it there even with significant adaptation was worth it because otherwise it would have been bulldozed.鈥�

On a more prosaic level getting permission to replace leaky single-glazed windows with double glazing can be challenging. Double glazing is anathema to many conservation officers as they associate it with clunky, ugly uPVC windows common 20 years ago.

Today, there are many companies offering historically accurate, timber double-glazed windows fitted with slim double-glazing units and white spacer bars. The only difference between these and a single-glazed window is the window needs to be slightly wider to accommodate the deeper glazing units.

Adopting standard details could make it easier for property owners to upgrade doors and windows and take the pressure off local authorities who are dealing with thousands of applications for consent. At the Edge debate Chris Jofeh, former head of Arup鈥檚 building retrofit team, suggested that local architects, planners and conservation experts develop visually acceptable standard details that would work in their areas.

鈥淟ocal authorities would then publish what is visually acceptable in their jurisdictions and designers can, when appropriate, adopt one of the published appearances and work can proceed without having to seek permission,鈥� he says. 鈥淩etrofit designers can still develop designs, whose appearance does not conform to the published models, but homeowners would then run the risk of delay and possible refusal.鈥�

Jofeh added that this does not remove the need for every home to be assessed before embarking on measures to reduce carbon emissions.

This approach has been adopted by some local authorities. In 2015, and after analysing the most common types of listed building consent application, Wirral council adopted a local listed consent order which allows residents of Port Sunlight to replace yard gates, rear windows and doors without seeking consent. Residents must use standardised designs and replacement windows can be double glazed with units up to 11mm thick.

Kensington and Chelsea council is currently consulting on a local listed building consent order that will allow residents to replace windows with ones fitted with double-glazed units up to 20mm thick. Because of the diversity of window types across the borough, model designs are not provided. Instead windows must be timber, hand-painted and the detailing must replicate the original.

The council is taking a cautious approach as the exemption only applies to windows fitted after the building was listed. This means the windows that could be replaced without formally applying for consent will date from 1948 at the earliest and, for more modest buildings, from the 1960s onwards, when many buildings were listed to protect them from postwar development.

For Slade, this caution is justified. 鈥淭here is a danger about the idea of needing to free up people鈥檚 time by oversimplifying some of the kind of most significant changes we can make to not only the performance of a building, but how the building looks and is perceived,鈥� she says, adding that new building elements are not necessarily the answer.

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鈥淚t鈥檚 interesting that some of the research coming through highlights that the heat loss from windows is not necessarily through the window unit but the joint between the window and the wall.鈥�

Slade adds that there are other ways of reducing heat loss from buildings including shutters, heavy curtains and secondary glazing rather than replacement windows. Alternative measures include draught excluders and chimney balloons, thick rugs on floors and sophisticated heating controls so only rooms in use are heated.

These measures can only take buildings so far towards net zero. In practice wall insulation, air infiltration control and better performing windows will be needed. Much of this can be done without irrevocably damaging the historic character of a building by using secondary glazing or sympathetically designed double glazing, some internal wall insulation and plenty of insulation in the roof space. With reduced heat loss, air source heat pumps become a more viable proposition which further reduces carbon emissions.

Better guidance making it easier for listed building owners to understand what is likely to be acceptable and make an application for consent would help. 鈥淵ou should be able to pick up a freely available piece of guidance about assessing your building for retrofit and understand what it is that you need to do and think about before you go any further,鈥� says Slade.

Historic England is working on a new set of guidance covering retrofit which should be out next year. She adds that, despite the challenges of making a listed building consent application, 97% of these are approved. Better training of local conservation officers and a more consistent, considered approach towards retrofit would help too.

Those restricted by listing or an Article 4 Direction could get some government help to ease the additional costs of retrofitting these buildings, for example by removing VAT on retrofit measures. This was a concession enjoyed by listed building owners for all refurbishment works until 2012 when this was removed.

A combination of these measures might just ensure that we can continue to enjoy those chocolate-box cottages, elegant Regency terraces and thatched pubs with roaring fires long into the future.